The analysis of Industrial Location, Employment and Productivity of Manufacturing using Geographical Information System tools

以往关于产业集聚的研究发现：（1）同一产业的集中可以通过技术溢出和/或集中特定的供应商或特定的技术工人获得生产率的提高;（2）不同产业的集中可以通过产业关联的互补性获得范围的优势。然而，这些研究都存在着一个共同的严重不足，即它们只把产业集聚看作是产业机构的集中，而对企业这一技术和信息在企业内部的扩散速度远远大于企业间的扩散速度的机构组织关注较少。本研究的重点是探讨一个偏远地区的企业是否能从位于另一个地区的产业集聚区的同一家企业获得技术溢出。我们以制药业为例，它是由研究和开发驱动的，其研究和开发活动可以获得同行业其他企业活动聚集的好处。我们发现，当制药企业在该行业的研发圣地筑波市设有研究实验室时，以工资水平衡量的生产率显著提高。

Previous studies on Industrial Agglomeration find (i) concentration of the same industry could gain productivity rise through technological spillover and/or pooling specific suppliers or specific skilled workers, and (ii) concentration of different industries could gain the merit of scope through complementarily on industrial linkages. These studies, however, have in common a serious shortage that they only observe the industrial agglomeration as the concentration of industrial establishments and pay little attention on the firm, the organization of establishments within which skills and information diffuse much faster than among inter firm establishments. In this study, we focus on whether a remote establishment could enjoy technological spillover that is acquired by an establishment of the same company located on industrial agglomeration of another area. We pick up the pharmaceutical industry as an example that is driven by the research and development and whose R&D activity could receive the merit of agglomeration of the activities of other firms of the same industry. We find that the productivity of a pharmaceutical manufacturing establishment measured by its wage level is significantly higher when its company has a research laboratory in Tsukuba city, the R&D Mecca of this industry.