CD4 independent vertical HIV transmission and possible involvement of decidual immune cells

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1 We investigated placenta samples obtained from HIV positive mothers. We observed positive staining of HIVp24 in villous trophoblasts, extravillous trophoblasts and Hofbauer cells by immunohistochemical techniques, though their babies were not infected with HIV.2 Presence of HIV provirus DNA was confirmed with PCR in antigenically separated placental cells.3 Human choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 was susceptible to cell free HIV and HIV infected T cell lines. Both R5-HIV and X4-HIV replicate in JEG-3.4 HIV infected JEG-3 by CD4 independent but CCR5 or CXCR-4 dependent manner.5 Replication of HIV in choriocarcinoma cell lines were inhibited by various chemokines including MIP-1alpha and RANTES.6 Freshly isolated placental trophoblasts and choriocarcinoma cell lines express functional chemokine receptors.7 Chemokines regulate cell proliferation and hCG production of choriocarcinoma cell lines.8 HIV infected choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 became susceptible to IL-2 activateddecidual CD56 positive large granular lymphocytes(LGL).9 G-CSF and TGF-β produced by trophoblasts suppressed IL-2/IL-12 activation of CD56 positive LGL10 CD56 positive LGL are susceptible to HIV but produce various chemokines and IL-16, Which possibly protect these cells and trophoblasts from HIVinfection11 γδ T cells in deciduas produce large amount of TGF-β and IL-10 which possibly inhibit eradication of HIV infected cells by cytotoxic T cells.