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SOCIAL POLICY OF ACTIVEAGEING: DEVELOPMENT IN THE UK AND THE NETHERLANDS

活跃老龄化的社会政策：英国和荷兰的发展

基本信息

批准号：
14510201
负责人：
OKA Masato
金额：
$ 1.54万
依托单位：
Yokohama City University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2002
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2002 至 2004
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The labor participation rate of older persons in the Netherlands and the UK had dramatically decreased between the early 1970s and the mid-1990s as a result of early exit policies for aging workers in order to make rooms for younger job seekers. The Netherlands introduced the VUT system as a pathway to early retirement with generous benefits which had created the so-called 'early retirement culture', In the UK though the Thatcher government did not committed to an early retirement policy, the Incapacity Benefits had virtually played an important role as a pathway to early retirement. Since the mid-1990s, the both countries have been trying to make a policy change toward an active aging society in order to cope with challenges of population aging, such as labor shortage and crisis of social security systems. The policy package has consisted of, first, measures for closing pathways of early exit, second, measures for providing opportunities of lifelong learning and skills-training for older persons, and third, measures to support employers developing supportive provisions for older workers. The keywords of the policies are 'diversity' and 'social inclusion'. Age discrimination cannot be solved as a problem of older workers. Other various discriminations including gender, disability, race and so forth should be tackled synthetically as the issue of the human rights based on the guideline of the EU directive. This comprehensive approach should be introduced to Japan, which has been focusing on extending employment period of older workers with a precondition that the lifelong employment system would continue forever. However, the precondition has been seriously weakened in the era of globalization. The European experiences might be useful to reconsider not only Japanese policies for older workers, but also the social protection system as a whole.

20世纪70年代初至90年代中期，荷兰和英国老年人的劳动参与率大幅下降，这是为了给年轻求职者腾出空间而实施的老年工人提前离职政策的结果。荷兰引入VUT系统作为提前退休的途径，并提供丰厚的福利，这创造了所谓的“提前退休文化”，在英国，尽管撒切尔政府没有承诺提前退休政策，但丧失工作能力福利实际上扮演了一个重要的角色，作为一条提前退休的途径。自20世纪90年代中期以来，两国一直在努力向积极老龄化社会转变政策，以应对人口老龄化带来的挑战，如劳动力短缺和社会保障体系危机。一揽子政策包括：第一，关闭提前离职途径的措施；第二，为老年人提供终身学习和技能培训机会的措施；第三，支持雇主为老年工人制定支持性规定的措施。这些政策的关键词是“多样性”和“社会包容性”。年龄歧视不能作为老年工人的问题来解决。其他各种歧视，包括性别、残疾、种族等，应根据欧盟指令的指导方针，作为人权问题综合处理。日本应引进这一综合办法。日本一直致力于延长老年工人的雇佣期限，但前提是终身雇佣制度将永远持续下去。然而，在全球化时代，这一前提被严重削弱。欧洲的经验可能不仅有益于重新考虑日本针对老年工人的政策，也可能有助于重新考虑整个社会保障体系。