Relations between Mongol-Related Groups and Islam in the Pre-modern and Modern Ages.

虽然“中国西北穆斯林”一词在历史上被用来指不同的民族，但这些人并不代表中国单一的亚群。从历史上看，穆斯林在东亚的出现被认为是13^世纪建立的蒙古帝国的遗产<th>。在中国的这十个伊斯兰教群体中，东乡族和保安族的母语属于蒙古语系（蒙古克尔语）。另一方面，我们在目前被定义为蒙古人的人群中发现了像高同人和土玛德人这样的穆斯林。本研究以东兴人与保安人的苏菲派为研究对象，特别注意到“门焕”（苏菲派的圣系机构）与“贡贝”（圣徒陵墓）的传统。这是因为，这些民族的前现代和现代历史都是围绕着“门宦”展开的，并以“贡”为象征 关于我们 直到一段时间以前，人们还普遍认为东乡族和保安族是“皈依伊斯兰教的蒙古人”。然而，最近他们开始明确表示反对这种想法。中国对民族历史的认识正在发生变化。这既不是因为伊斯兰教最近恢复，也不是因为人们对他们的蒙古人身份感到反感。相反，这与中国中央政府的政治议程有关，中央政府最近将“少数民族”的地位授予了该国的各个亚群。在中国的政治议程中，最重要的因素之一是它渴望建立一个基于统一和团结的民族国家，定义为中华民族，“中华民族”。这些少数民族试图确定他们的起源不是在蒙古，而是在中亚。如果“蒙古人改信伊斯兰教”的说法继续存在，他们将始终面临其身份“从属于蒙古人保护伞人口”的风险。他们很容易被视为低人一等的民族，即恩格斯和斯大林所传播的“没有自己历史的民族”的概念。然而，如果他们在中亚寻找自己的起源，他们可以获得“有自己历史的民族”的地位，他们已经遵守了几个世纪的伊斯兰秩序，而不是普通的蒙古人。中国西北地区的穆斯林与中亚地区多年来保持着密切的交流网络。因此，继续关注这些人是非常重要的，观察那些分享伊斯兰共同价值观的人将如何在未来发展自己的历史。少

While the term "Muslims in Northwest China" has historically been used to refer to various ethnic groups, these people do not represent a single uniform subpopulation in China. Historically speaking, the advent of Muslims in East Asia is considered a legacy of the Mongolian Empire founded in the 13^<th> century. Among these ten Islamic groups in China, the mother tongues of the Dongxiang and Bao'an tribes belong to the Mongol linguistic family (Mongol kel). On the other hand, we find Muslims such as the Qotung and Tumad among those who are presently defined as Mongols.The study presented in this book is entirely based on field work. In this study, the Sufi orders among the Dongxinag and Bao'an people were particularly focused on. I paid special attention to the traditions of "Menhuan"(Sufi institutions of saintly lineage) and "Gungbei" (Mausoleums of Saints). The reason is that the pre- modern and modern history of these people has evolved around "Menhuan", and been symbolised by "Gung … More bei".Until some time ago, it was a generally accepted concept that the Dongxiang and Bao'an were "Mongols who converted to Islam". Recently, however, they started to articulate their opposition to such a notion. Changes are taking place in China with regard to the way in which the history of ethnic groups is understood. This is neither because Islam was reinstated recently, nor because people are put off by their identity as Mongols. Rather it is related to the political agenda of the Chinese central government, which has awarded the status of "ethnic group" to various subpopulations in the country in recent times. One of the most important elements in China's political agenda is its aspiration to launch a nation state based on uniformity and solidarity defined as the Chinese Nation, "zhonghua minzu".These ethnic minorities try to identify their origin not in Mongolia but in Central Asia. If the nomenclature "Mongol converts to Islam" persists, they would always be exposed to the risk of their identities "being subordinated to an umbrella population of Mongols". They would be vulnerable to being regarded as inferior, "ethnic groups without a history of their own", the concept of which was disseminated by Engels and Stalin. If, however, they seek their origin in Central Asia, they can attain the status of "nationality with their own history", which have observed the Islamic order for centuries, unlike ordinary Mongols. Muslims in Northwest China have maintained a close network of communication with Central Asia for years. It is, therefore, very important to continue to pay attention to these people, observing how those who share the common values of Islam are going to develop a history of their own in the future. Less