A STUDY ON THE CONSTRUCTING PROCESS OF HAKKA IMAGES IN ACADEMIC AND NON-ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS IN JAPAN, TAIWAN, AND MAINLAND CHINA

过去的客家研究过于倾向于证明客家的正统性，以致于不可避免地陷入一些重要的失败：1)有时阻碍了研究者对客家文化特征的客观观察；2)倾向于夸大客家作为一个民族的独特性；3)往往忽视或低估了客家与非汉民族在相邻地区边界以外的连续性与互动。正是从日本和中国大陆的这些新方向中，产生了许多重要的突破（包括我自己的作品）。在2000年代，我们已经取得了范式转变的成就，并且我们现在看到了该领域的许多新的积极研究，例如Iijima[2007]和Chai[2005]的工作。在这些新的客家研究中，包括对客家与少数民族的关系和边界的重新思考，这使得客家研究人员与少数民族研究人员合作，以更包容的方式了解华南乃至整个中国的文化和社会。从这个意义上说，客家研究终于摆脱了自己的陷阱，达到了可以在中国人类学和行为学研究的整体结构中得到适当定位和整合的地步。

Past Hakka studies has been so strongly oriented to the demonstration of the orthodoxy of Hakka against other various subgroups of Han-Chinese that it is almost inevitable for them to fall into some important failures: 1) it sometimes prevented researchers from unprejudiced observation of Hakka's cultural traits; 2) it was inclined to exaggerate the uniqueness of Hakka as an ethnic group; 3) it often ignored or underestimated the continuity and interactions beyond the boundary between Hakka and Non-Han ethnic minorities in adjacent areas. But, after 1980s there appeared some researchers in Japan who tried to overcome the old paradigm of Hakka studies, and this tendency has diffused into Mainland China in 1990s. It is from these new orientations in Japan and Mainland that many important breakthroughs came about (including my own works). In 2000s, we have already reached an accomplishment of a paradigm shift, and we are now witnessing a lot of new positive studies in this field such as the work of Iijima [2007] and that of Chai [2005]. Among these new Hakka studies, there included an reconsideration on the relations and the boundary between Hakka and ethnic minorities, and it enables researchers on Hakka and those on ethnic minorities to cooperate for more inclusive understanding of culture and society of South China as well as of China as a whole. In this sense, Hakka studies has at last escaped from their pitfall and reached the point where they can be properly situated within and integrated into the whole structure of anthropological and ethological studies in China.