RESEARCH ON THE FORMATION OF HAKKA IDENTITY AMONG MODERN HAKKA PUBLIC FIGURES

回顾孙中山、陈明述、陈琼明等近代早期中国军事或政治舞台上所谓的“客家”英雄的生活史，可以发现他们的客家身份认同仅仅是后来一些客家思想家的臆断，而不是直接来源于他们自己生前的表述。通过分析他们“客家性”话语的形成过程，我发现客家理论家在试图证明这些英雄的客家渊源时，经常遵循两种关联模式。一种是以这些英雄出生的地方或县的名字为基础的联想。一旦确定它们起源于有客家话使用者的地区，它们就立即被归类为客家。另一种模式是基于追溯他们祖先的家谱调查的联系。如果发现与客家家族有一丝血缘关系的可能性，就自动被视为客家后裔。在这两种情况下，这些人在其一生中如何认同自己和使用其种族标签并不重要。在帝制晚期的中国，籍贯和父系血统是一个人的基本属性。我们可以看到，客家的理论家们以赞扬和提升客家的民族“优越性”为目的，非常巧妙地运用这些传统模式，使这些公众人物的“客家性”在社会文化上为他人所接受。

Review of the life history of so called "Hakka" heroes in martial or political scene of early Modern China such as Sun Yat-sen, Chen Mingshu, and Chen Qiongming suggests that their identification as Hakka was merely a result of speculation made by some Hakka ideologues of later days rather than derived directly from their own articulation in their lifetime. Through the analysis of the formative process of discourse on their "Hakkaness", I found two patterns of association that were frequently followed by Hakka ideologues in their efforts to prove the Hakka origin of these heroes. One is the association based on the native place or the name of the prefecture where these heroes were born. Once they were identified as originated from a region containing some speakers of Hakka dialect, they were immediately classified as Hakka. Another pattern is the association based on the genealogical investigations which trace back their ancesty. If there found any slight possibility of genealogical connection to a Hakka family line, they were automatically treated as Hakka descendants. In both cases, it does not a matter how these persons identified themselves and used their ethnic label in their course of life. Native place and patrilineal descent were very essential attributes of a person in late imperial China. We can see that Hakka ideologues who aimed at praising and enhancing the ethnic "superiority" of Hakka invoked these traditional patterns very skillfully in making the "Hakkaness" of these public figures socio-culturally acceptable for other people.