The Study of Economic Efficiency and Traditional Custom of Chinese Farm Household's Behavior based on the New Institutional Economics Methods: How should they deal with WTO system?

我们分别在2004年的山东、2005年的辽宁、2006年的湖北和2007年的北京进行了乡村调查。每省选择3个村进行调查。就各种交易的经济行为和习惯行为，在每个村对30名农民进行了访谈。通过对上述方式收集到的农户微观数据进行了计量分析，澄清了新的事实：即使在今天，农村中国的经济交易也是可以自主进行的，没有任何司法第三方，这被称为习惯方式下的交易。农村中国的习惯性制度是以送礼为基础的社会网络裙带关系。送礼裙带关系的泛化特征如下。(1)采用个人关联交易，因为亲密关系可以节省送礼成本。(2)在传统的互惠农业部门，礼物是平等交换的，因此交易是Bilate…更重要的是与利润无关。在分层的非农业部门，礼物是向高收入有能力的人发出需要帮助的信号。(3)送礼裙带关系基本上只支持供需关系。但也支持了供应商之间或需求者之间的有效竞争关系，因为采用了以竞争次优为威胁点的讨价还价策略。收集的微观数据验证了这些特征：(1)农村地区仍然使用个人关联交易。(2)礼物是农民之间交换的，与农业部门的利润无关。然而，在非农行业，礼物支付被用作信号，并在统计上对盈利做出显著贡献。(3)即使在送礼裙带关系仍然存在的地租市场中，土地的边际生产率价值也等于租金支付，即竞争实际上是有效的。较少

We conducted village surveys of Shandong in 2004, Liaoning in 2005, Hubei in2006 and Beijing in 2007 respectively. 3 villages were selected for research in each province. 30farmers were interviewed in each village about economic and customary behavior of many kinds of transactions. We analyzed econometrically the micro data of farmers that were collected by above mentioned way and clarified the new facts as follows.Even nowadays, economic transaction of rural China is self-enfoceable without any judiciary third party, which is called as transaction embedded in customary way. Rural China's customary institution is characterized as socially networked nepotism based on gift giving. The generalized attributes of gift giving nepotism are characterized as follows. (1) Personally related transaction is adopted, because the close relationship can save the gift giving cost. (2) In the traditional reciprocal agriculture sector, the gifts are exchanged equally, so that the transactions are bilate … More ral and not related to the profits. In the stratified non-agriculture sector, the gift is presented as the signal of needed help towards high income powered man. (3) The gift giving nepotism basically supports only the supplier-demander relationship. But it also supports the efficient competition relationship among suppliers or among demanders, because the bargaining strategies using the competitive second best as threat points are adopted.These characters are tested by the collected micro data as follows.(1) The fact that personally related transactions are still utilized in rural area is observed. (2) The gifts are exchanged among farmers and not related the profit in agricultural sector. In non-agriculture sector, however, the gift payments are used as signal and statistically significantly contributed to the profit making. (3) Even in the land rent market where the gift giving nepotism is still used, the value of marginal productivity of land is equal to rent payment, that is, the competition is actually efficient. Less