AFTA, FTA and Automobile Industry in Malaysia-Liberalization of Trade and Enhancing Competitiveness

自20世纪80年代中期政府启动国家汽车项目以来，马来西亚的汽车业一直受到严格保护。Bumiputera政策给予马来人特殊的权利和机会，加强了对国家汽车生产商及其当地供应商的保护。然而，东盟的自贸协定和与日本的自贸协定迫使汽车行业在地区和世界市场上展开竞争。在我们的项目中，我们试图分析自由贸易下当地企业的竞争力。主要研究结果如下：政府开始逐步降低进口汽车的关税保护水平。另一方面，政府引入消费税以弥补收入的减少。2006年公布的国家汽车政策为汽车行业指明了未来的方向，政府决定根据产量和地方含量比例引入新的财政激励措施。在不断变化的形势下，P…第一家全国性汽车生产商More Roton正试图在不与大型外国公司达成战略联盟的情况下开发新的廉价车型。作为丰田集团的一员，第二大民族生产商Perodua找到了生存之路。当地的零部件供应商可以分为两类。其一是那些成功实现客户多元化的规模较大、具有竞争力的公司。一些公司已经开始在海外生产，一些公司与外国公司签订了技术援助协议。另一个是中小型公司，它们过于依赖与Proton和Perodua的业务。这些较小的公司在自由贸易下将面临更激烈的竞争。这些观察表明，提高发展中国家进口替代制造业的竞争力并不是一件容易的事情。需要政府提供适当的配套政策。本土公司应该引入战略，以增强其管理资源，例如通过与外国公司结成新的联盟，以提高竞争力。较少

The automobile industry in Malaysia has been heavily protected since mid 1980s when the government started the national car project. Bumiputera Policy in which special rights and opportunities were given to Malay people intensified the protection for the national car producers and their local vendors. However, AFTA in ASEAN and FTA with Japan forced the automobile industry to fight in the regional and world market.In our project, it was attempted to analyze the competitiveness of the local firms under the free trade. The main findings are as follows below.The government began to reduce the tariff protection level of the imported cars gradually. On the other hand, the government introduced excise duties to compensate for the decreasing revenues. The National Automotive Policy announced in 2006 showed the future directions for the industry and the government decided to introduce new fiscal incentives based on the production amounts and local contents ratio.Under the changing situation, P … More roton, the first national car producer, is trying to develop new and cheap models without concluding strategic alliances with big foreign firms. Perodua, the second national producer, found the way to survive by being the member of Toyota group.The local parts suppliers can be divided into two categories. One is the rather big and competitive firms which succeeded to diversify their customers. Some firms have already started overseas production and some concluded technical assistance agreement with foreign firms. The other comprises small and medium scale firms which depend too much on the business with Proton and Perodua. These smaller firms will face harder competition under the free trade.These observations show it is not an easy task to enhance the competitiveness of the import substituting manufacturing sector in developing countries. It is required for the government to provide appropriate supporting policies. Local firms should introduce the strategies to enhance their management resources for instance by concluding new alliances with foreign firms to be more competitive. Less