A study of the concepts of "living/non-living" in the twentieth century : in the contexts of the history of medicine and the history of philosophy.

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In this study I pursued following two subjects : 1) collecting philosophical and medical or biological works in the 20^<th> century concerning the ideas of the "living/nonliving" and examining the interactions among them ; 2) tracing the origins of those ideas to the philosophies and medical or biological thoughts in the 19^<th> century Europe. I came to the conclusion that there existed paradoxical, and often complementary, interactions between rather conservative attitudes among natural scientists of the 19^<th> century which paved the way for the research activities in the following century and the more radically futuristic vision conceived by philosophers.