Medieval human life activity based on human and animal skeletal remains.

Hirata等人（2004年）讨论了日本镰仓四个中世纪考古遗址中利器造成的骨骼损伤。有趣的是，载木座遗址中的中世纪日本人骨骼中的剑伤与其他三个遗址中的有区别。中世纪Yuigahama-minami骨骼样本简化寿命表分析得出男女出生时的预期寿命为24.0岁，男性15岁时的预期寿命为15.8岁，女性为18.0岁。小牙齿大小的镰仓中世纪系列可能与非血统因素，并不会矛盾，他们的相似性在牙形模式与弥生，古坟，艾德，和modern series.Population亲和力和生物学变化在人类骨骼系列与鄂霍次克文化从北海道和萨哈林岛在第5和第12世纪AD使用19 nonmetric颅骨性状进行了研究。Relethford和Blangero的方法（1990） ...更多信息 东鄂霍次克地区的Rii值（距质心的距离）比北方鄂霍次克地区大，观测到的变异比北方鄂霍次克地区小，表明东鄂霍次克地区失去了表型变异。绳纹人和阿伊努人在任何混合之前都比其他东北亚系列更接近鄂霍次克人。为了调查鄂霍次克人的系统发育状态，从考古遗址出土的人骨遗骸中仔细提取了DNA。线粒体DNA序列的系统发育关系表明，鄂霍次克人在东北亚人群中与Nivkhi人和Ulchi人的亲缘关系较近。此外，鄂霍次克人与北海道的阿伊努人有着相对较近的遗传亲缘关系。这一结果可能证明琉球群岛在史前和历史时期不仅受到北方的影响，而且也受到南方的影响，正如最近的遗传学研究所表明的那样。在久米岛发现的人类骨骼遗骸中，对早期现代人的脊柱和四肢骨的退化性疾病以及牙科疾病进行了调查。严重的腰椎退行性疾病在女性中更常见。右肘骨关节炎4级的发生率女性高于男性。成年女性患龋率最高。同位素分析表明，不仅女性的生理事件，如怀孕和绝经，而且食物偏好的差异也可能导致这种性别差异。年轻的成年女性往往更受莱赫的影响，表明他们在幼儿期经历了更大的生理压力。少

Hirata and others (2004) discussed skeletal injuries caused by sharp weapons among four medieval archaeological sites, in Kamakura, Japan. It is interesting that the injuries by swords in the medieval Japanese skeletons of Zaimokuza site were distinguishable from those of other three sites. A medieval Yuigahama-minami skeletal samples abridged life-table analysis yielded a life expectancy at birth of 24.0 years for both sexes, a life expectancy at age 15 years of 15.8 years for males, and 18.0 years for females. The small tooth size of the Kamakura medieval series may be related to non-lineage factors, and would not contradict their similarity in odontometric pattern with the Yayoi, Kofun, Ed, and modern series.Population affinities and biological variation in human skeletal series associated with the Okhotsk culture from Hokkaido and Sakhalin Islands during the 5th and 12th century AD are investigated using 19 nonmetric cranial traits. The method of Relethford and Blangero (1990) sugg … More ests that the eastern Okhotsk had a larger Rii value (distance from the centroid) and a lower observed variation than the northern Okhotsk, indicating that the eastern Okhotsk lost phenotypic variability. The Jomon and Ainu were closer to the Okhotsk than to other Northeast Asian series prior to any admixture.In order to investigate the phylogenetic status of the Okhotsk people, DNA was carefully extracted from human bone remains excavated from their archaeological sites. The phylogenetic relationships inferred from mtDNA sequences showed that the Okhotsk people were closer to the Nivkhi and Ulchi people among northeastern Asian populations. Moreover, the Okhotsk people had a relatively closer genetic affinity with the Ainu people of Hokkaido.Nonmetric cranial variation of the Ryukyuans, including the historic Kumejima population, and their neighboring peoples was investigated. The result may prove not only northern, but also southern influences to the Ryukyu Islands during the prehistoric and historic times, as suggested by recent genetic studies. Degenerative diseases of the spine and limb bones, and dental disease were investigated in the early modern people, consisting of human skeletal remains found in Kumejima. Severe degenerative diseases of the lumbar vertebra were more frequently seen in females. Frequency of right elbow osteoarthritis of scale 4 in female is higher than in male. The highest rate of dental caries occurred in the adult females. Not only female physiological events, such as pregnancy and menopause, but also differences in food preference may have led to this sex difference, as suggested by isotopic analysis. Younger adult females tended to be more affected by LEH, indicating that they experienced greater physiological stress during early childhood. Less