Diversity of human life activity and phylogeny in the Japan Islands

在鄂霍次克州男性中，腰椎椎体上的严重骨赘更常见。鄂霍次克氏关节突退行性改变多见于腰椎。这与琉球农民颈椎顶端关节退行性改变的高频率形成了鲜明的对比。鄂霍次克地区肘关节和膝关节改变的高发率与镰仓材料中髋关节改变的频率以及琉球材料中肩和髋关节的改变频率形成了强烈的对比。北亚群体总体上比日本群体的肢体尺寸更大。研究发现，柔韧的股骨头宽度和骨骼四肢长度与纬度呈显著正相关，表明体型呈南北倾斜型。A-STR显示了Ainu人的独特性，Y-STR单倍型显示了北海道和琉球群岛的两个土著群体之间存在联系的有力证据。

Severe osteophytes on the body of the lumbar vertebrae were more frequently seen in the Okhotsk males. Degenerative changes of the articular process of the Okhotsk were most frequently seen in the lumbar vertebrae. This is well contrasted with a high frequency of degenerative changes of cervical apophyseal joint in Ryukyu peasants. High prevalence of elbow and knee joint changes in the Okhotsk showed a strong contrast with the high frequencies of the hip joint changes in materials from the Kamakura and those in shoulder and hip joints in materials from Ryukyu. Northern Asian groups tended to possess overall larger limb dimensions than groups from Japan. The Jomon femoral head breadth and skeletal limb lengths were found to be significantly and positively correlated with latitude, indicating a north-south geographical cline in the body size. The A-STR showed uniqueness of the Ainu, and the Y-STR haplotypes revealed strong evidence for a link between the two indigenous populations in Hokkaido and the Ryukyu Islands.