Reconstruction of the life history and population history of the Okhotsk people based on the analysis of human skeletal remains

研究了鄂霍次克族及其邻近民族的非对称性颅骨变异。鄂霍次克族的颧横缝遗迹在活着的人群中发生率最高。用Konigsberg(1990)的方法对22个非计量性状进行了生物距离的估计。将邻居连接法(Saiton和Nei，1987)应用于距离矩阵，以生成无根树。北海道阿伊努人和绳索人被聚在一起，并与鄂霍次克河和库页岛阿伊努人组成一个集群。这一群体还加入了新石器时代的拜卡特人、阿穆尔人、弥生人和现代日本人的行列。中心还出现了另外三个不同的分支；第一个分支包括马里亚纳群岛和夏威夷，一个最接近亚洲特别是东南亚岛民的分支；第二个分支在俄罗斯、塔加尔和哈萨克语中达到顶峰；第三个分支包括一个孤立的北极分支。对北海道人类骨骼的牙齿釉质发育不良进行了调查，以检查儿童早期的营养障碍或疾病。柔门族和阿伊努族的釉质发育不良发生率较高，影响到70%以上的个体，而EPI-柔门族和鄂霍次克族的釉质发育不良相对较低(56%-57%)。然而，这种差异在统计学上并不显著，可能是因为他们的样本量较小。釉质破裂的高峰期似乎是4-5岁。根据对阿伊努人个体样本的统计分析，没有观察到牙釉质发育不良的形成与龋齿易感性之间的显著相关性。

Nonmetric cranial variation of the Okhotsk and their neighboring peoples was investigated. The incidence of the transverse zygomatic suture vestige in the Okhotsk series is the highest among living populations. Estimates of biological distances were carried out with Konigsberg's method (1990) using 22 nonmetric traits. The neighbor-joining method (Saiton and Nei, 1987) was applied to the distance matrix to generate an unrooted tree. The Hokkaido Ainu and Jomon are grouped together and join a cluster with the Okhotsk and Sakhalin Ainu. That cluster also join with the Neolithic Baikat, Amur, Yayoi and modern Japanese. Another three distinct branches emerge from the center ; the first consists of the Marianas and Hawaii, a branch which is closest to the Asian and especially Southeast Asian Islanders ; a second branch culminates in Russian, Tagar and Kazakh ; a third includes an isolated arctic branch.Dental enamel hypoplasia of the human skeletal remains from Hokkaido was investigated in order to examine nutritional disturbance or diseases during early childhood. The frequency of enamel hypoplasia of the Jomon and Ainu sample is high, affecting more than 70 % of the individuals, while that of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk is relatively low (56-57%). That difference is, however, not statistically significant, probably because of their small sample size. The peak age for enamel disruption seems to be 4-5 years. No significant correlation between the dental enamel hypoplasia formation and the susceptibility to dental caries is observed on the basis of statistical analysis of the Ainu individual sample.