Study of Lifelong Learning over Cooperativity and Individualism-Between Theoretical and Field Study-

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The present study examines the relationship between cooperativity and individualism in the field of lifelong learning based on communication theory by Gregory Bateson. It is an attempt to empirically clarify how individualized emphasis such as self-realization and self-determination actually stimulates anti-individual movements, which represent an alternative cooperativity. Gregory Bateson tried to overcome the individual ideology especially within the modern western culture by considering that the individual is already included in the system of cooperativity and the environment. These exploratory attempts were seen in the practice of lifelong learning in Japanese depopulated communities and the practice of alcoholism self-help groups.