Helping Young People Who Are Excluded from Labour Market: Policies, Schemes, and their Evaluations in Japan, Holland, Australia, United Kingdom, and Finland.

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Transition from education to employment is generally recognised today as one of the major obstacles for young people's progression in life. It is worth noting, however, that this obstacle is experienced almost exclusively by one particular group of young people: those who come from broken families and/or socially disadvantaged background. These young people are often underachievers at school and if they are employed, they are likely to be unfairly treated at workplace. Compared with Holland, Australia, United Kingdom, and Finland, the system of social security that helps young people to become independent is almost non-existence in Japan. Youth services that focus on specific needs are valuable, in order to address the issue of exclusion, it is essential to establish a youth policy of wider scope that has empowerment of young people and their social participation in its centre.