Preventive effects of marine carotenoids on chronic inflammation-related diseases through regulation of cell and tissue communication

岩藻黄素（Fx）通过抑制巨噬细胞和T细胞浸润来抑制白色脂肪组织中的慢性炎症。此外，Fx下调趋化因子和脂肪因子的mRNA表达，其募集免疫细胞并诱导胰岛素抵抗。在饲喂Fx的糖尿病/肥胖小鼠中，通过改善高血糖症在骨骼肌中观察到GLUT 4活化。另一方面，从H. pluvialis预防DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎和结肠癌发生。在喂食Asx的小鼠的结肠中，与对照小鼠相比，炎性细胞因子的mRNA表达水平倾向于降低。此外，Asx下调巨噬细胞样细胞和结肠细胞中由活化的巨噬细胞培养液刺激的炎性细胞因子的mRNA表达。这些结果表明，海洋类胡萝卜素通过趋化因子和细胞因子调节细胞和组织通讯来预防慢性炎症及其相关疾病。

Fucoxanthin (Fx) suppressed chronic inflammation in white adipose tissue by the inhibition of macrophage and T cell infiltration. Further, Fx down-regulated mRNA expression of chemokines and adipokines, which recruit immune cells and induce insulin resistance. In diabetic/obese mice fed Fx, GLUT4 activation was observed in skeletal muscle through the improvement of hyperglycemia. On the other hand, Fx and astaxanthin (Asx) extracted from H. pluvialis prevent DSS-induced colitis and colon carcinogenesis in mice. In colon of the mice fed Asx, mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines tended to decrease compared to control mice. In addition, Asx down-regulated mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophage-like cells and colon cells stimulated by the culture medium of activated macrophages. These results suggest that marine carotenoids prevent chronic inflammation and its-related diseases by the regulation of cell and tissue communication via chemokines and cytokines.