Rescuing the ruminating brain: Identifying biomarkers of rumination and mindfulness through concurrent EEG and fMRI studies of schizophrenia and depression

“懒惰的头脑是魔鬼的游乐场吗？”这取决于流浪的思想去哪里。如果是忙碌 反思最近的活动，将最近的材料整合到长期记忆中，并展望未来， 那么这些思维模式可能是高度适应性的，使我们能够从过去学习并计划未来。 但是当思想转向黑暗面，沉思占据主导地位时，这些思维模式就不适应了。 沉思涉及递归的消极思维，专注于原因和后果，而不是解决方案。它 跨越诊断界限：它既是重度抑郁症（MDD）的原因，也是其后果， 与精神分裂症（SZ）的幻觉和妄想有关。它会影响认知和情绪反应， 它可以通过正念疗法来治疗。 正念冥想是一种行为疗法，专注于培养当前的集中注意力， 是一种针对反刍的减压干预措施，并改善了许多医疗和精神疾病。 条件：特质正念与较少的幻听痛苦和较少的残留有关。 抑郁症状这是一种关注当下体验并允许情绪和 思想来来去去，没有判断，从而避免螺旋式下降到沉思。相比 简单的走神，一个简短的正念诱导招募一个注意力网络，包括顶叶和 . 前额叶结构，而走神只招募默认模式网络（DMN） 根据上一个资助期的数据，我们知道DMN的激活会影响基本的感觉和神经功能。 和语义加工。我们建议通过特别关注反刍来扩展这一点，并增加 抑郁症患者。我们问反刍如何影响基本的感官，认知和情绪反应， 如果正念可以拯救这些功能，跨越诊断和健康范围。我们将获得 抑郁症、精神分裂症和精神健康退伍军人的同步EEG和fMRI数据 退伍军人评估早期的感官反应，上下文更新，并对情绪图像的反应。 了解反刍如何影响与环境的接触是评估的第一步。 其深远的认知和情感成本，这跨越了传统的诊断界限。 了解正念如何恢复信息处理将增加我们对如何， 对谁来说，它是有效的。我们预测反刍诱导会阻止大脑完全处理光谱 而正念诱导会恢复这些能力。我们预测特质反刍， 正念将调节所有群体的影响，在那些患有抑郁症或抑郁症的人中， 精神分裂症结果变量将是基于EEG的事件相关电位（ERP）和fMRI，以及它们的 一体化分析中将考虑症状严重程度、特质反刍和特质正念。 目的1：反刍诱导对fMRI连接的简单影响。我们将比较 反刍和正念诱导对DMN和反刍敏感脑之间连接的影响 地区与正念诱导相比，我们预测沉思会增加这种连接， 在抑郁症和精神分裂症患者中的作用大于健康对照。 目的2：正念诱导对ERP和fMRI及其整合的遗留效应。我们预测 30秒正念诱导的效果将持续到随后的视觉古怪任务，从而 增强感觉，注意力和情绪ERP组件和功能磁共振成像激活的感觉，认知和 与反刍诱导相比，情感网络。我们将探讨功能磁共振成像和 ERP数据融合方法，如我们以前所做的。 目标3：特质反刍和正念的影响。我们将评估神经数据与 特质反刍，正念，和症状的严重程度在所有组。

Is “the idle mind the devil’s playground?” It depends on where the wandering mind goes. If it is busy reflecting on recent activity, consolidating recent material into long term memories, and envisioning the future, then these thought patterns may be highly adaptive, allowing us to learn from the past and plan for the future. But when the mind turns to the dark side and rumination takes over, these thought patterns are maladaptive. Rumination involves recursive negative thinking focused on causes and consequences rather than solutions. It cuts across diagnostic boundaries: it is both a cause and consequence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and is related to hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia (SZ). It affects cognitive and emotional responses, yet it can be treated with mindfulness-based therapies. Mindfulness-meditation is a type of behavioral therapy that focuses on cultivating present focused attention, is a stress-reduction intervention that targets rumination, and improves many medical and psychiatric conditions: Trait mindfulness is associated with less distress from auditory hallucinations and fewer residual depressive symptoms. It is the practice of attending to present moment experiences and allowing emotions and thoughts to come and go without judgment, thereby avoiding a downward spiral into rumination. Compared to simple mind wandering, a brief mindfulness induction recruits an attention network including parietal and . prefrontal structures while mind wandering only recruits the default mode network (DMN) Based on data from the last funding period, we know that activation of the DMN affects both basic sensory and semantic processing in SZ. We propose to extend this by focusing specifically on rumination and adding patients with depression. We ask how rumination affects basic sensory, cognitive and emotional responses, and if mindfulness can rescue these functions, across diagnoses and the wellness spectrum. We will acquire simultaneous EEG and fMRI data from veterans with depression and schizophrenia and mentally healthy veterans to assess early sensory responses, context updating, and responses to emotional images. Understanding how rumination affects engagement with the environment is the first step towards assessing its far-reaching cognitive and emotional costs, which cut across traditional diagnostic boundaries. Understanding how mindfulness restores information processing will increase our understanding of how, and for whom, it works. We predict rumination inductions will prevent the brain from fully processing a spectrum of external events, and mindfulness inductions will restore these abilities. We predict trait rumination and mindfulness will modulate the effects in all groups, with exaggerated effects in those with depression or schizophrenia. The outcome variables will be EEG-based event related potentials (ERPs) and fMRI, and their integration. Symptom severity, trait rumination, and trait mindfulness will be considered in the analyses. Aim 1: Simple effects of rumination inductions on fMRI connectivity. We will compare the effects of rumination and mindfulness inductions on the connectivity between DMN and rumination-sensitive brain regions. Compared to mindfulness inductions, we predict rumination will increase this connectivity, with greater effects in depressed and schizophrenia patients than in healthy controls. Aim 2: Carry-over effects of mindfulness inductions on ERPs and fMRI and their integration. We predict the effects of 30-second mindfulness inductions will persist into the subsequent visual oddball task, thereby augmenting sensory, attention, and emotional ERP components and fMRI activation in sensory, cognitive and emotional networks, compared to rumination inductions. We will explore the covariance between fMRI and ERP data fusion methods as we have done previously. Aim 3: Effects of trait rumination and mindfulness. We will assess the relationship between neural data and trait rumination, mindfulness, and symptom severity in all groups.