STEREOTYPES, SHIFTING STANDARDS, AND SOCIAL JUDGEMENT

刻板印象、转变标准和社会判断

• 批准号: 2761921
• 负责人: MONICA ROSE BIERNAT
• 金额: $ 16.04万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1993-07-01 至 2004-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2761921
• 关键词: behavioral /social science research tag; belief; decision making; gender difference; human subject; judgment; morals; motivation; prejudice; racial /ethnic difference; social change; social group; social model; social psychology; social status

This proposal is geared toward elaborating and extending a "shifting standards" model of stereotype-based judgment. This model suggests that when we judge individual members of stereotyped groups on stereotype- relevant dimensions, we use within-category referents. E.g., given stereotypes that women are more verbally able than men, we are likely to judge the verbal ability of a particular woman relative to (higher) standards of competence for women, and the verbal ability of a particular man relative to (lower) standards of competence for men. The result is that evaluations of men and women on verbal ability may not be directly comparable, as their meaning is tied to different contexts: "Good" for a woman does not mean the same thing as "good" for a man. Evidence supporting the operation of stereotype-based standard shifts can be gleaned from comparisons between judgments that are made on subjective rating scales ("slippery" scales whose units can be differentially defined and adjusted) to those made on objective scales ("common rule" scales whose judgment units maintain a constant meaning across contexts). The key prediction of the shifting standards model is that objective judgments are more likely than subjective judgments to reveal the influence of stereotypes; because subjective scales can be differentially adjusted for different target categories, they may mask this influence. This has both methodological and measurement implications for studying stereotyping in the lab, and practical implications for understanding how stereotypes may be revealed or masked in everyday communication, in formal evaluation contexts (hiring, admissions, firing, etc.), and in the standards we set for ourselves and others on a wide variety of evaluative dimensions. Stereotypes and the consequent application of differential (often patronizing) standards may influence real life outcomes, with clear implications for the mental and physical health of individual targets. Thirty-five experiments (focusing on both gender and racial stereotypes) are proposed to examine: 1) the contextual and normative conditions that promote standard shifts, 2) the processes by which judgment standards are set at different points in a decision process (e.g., initial screening of applicants versus a hiring decision), 3) motivations underlying the use of subjective language, 4) construal of subjective language, 5) the effects of qualitative differences in judgment standards, and 6) the behavioral implications of differential standard use.

这项提议旨在阐述和扩展一个“转移” 基于刻板印象判断的标准模型。该模型表明 当我们根据刻板印象来评判刻板印象的个体成员时- 相关维度，我们使用类内指称。例如，给出 女性比男性更能说的刻板印象，我们很可能 根据(较高的)判断某一特定女性的语言能力 女性的能力标准，以及女性的言语能力 相对于(较低的)男性能力标准而言，特定的男性。这个 结果是，对男性和女性语言能力的评估可能不会 具有直接可比性，因为它们的含义与不同的上下文有关： 女人的“好”和男人的“好”不是一回事。 支持基于刻板印象的标准轮换运作的证据 可以从以下几个方面收集信息： 主观评分表(单位可以是 不同的定义和调整)与根据客观标准制定的标准 (“共同规则”比例尺，其判断单位保持恒定含义 跨上下文)。转移标准模型的关键预测 客观判断比主观判断更有可能 揭示刻板印象的影响；因为主观尺度可以 根据不同的目标类别进行不同的调整，它们可能 掩盖这种影响。这既有方法论上的，也有衡量上的。 在实验室研究刻板印象的意义和实际意义 对理解刻板印象可能如何被揭示或掩盖的影响 在日常交流中，在正式的评估环境中(招聘， 招生、解雇等)，以及我们为自己设定的标准和 另一些则涉及广泛的评价层面。刻板印象和 随之而来的差别化(通常是居高临下)标准的应用可能 影响现实生活的结果，对精神和心理健康有明显影响 个人目标的身体健康状况。35个实验 (同时关注性别和种族陈规定型观念)建议 审查：1)促进的背景和规范条件 标准转换，2)确定判断标准的过程 在决策过程中的不同点(例如，初始筛选 申请者与招聘决定)，3)潜在的使用动机 主观性语言，4)主观性语言的识解，5)主观性语言 质的差异对判断标准的影响；6)判断标准的质量差异 不同标准使用的行为含义。