STEREOTYPES, SHIFTING STANDARDS, AND SOCIAL JUDGEMENT

刻板印象、转变标准和社会判断

• 批准号: 6499241
• 负责人: MONICA ROSE BIERNAT
• 金额: $ 15.5万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1993-07-01 至 2004-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6499241
• 关键词: behavioral /social science research tag; belief; decision making; gender difference; human subject; judgment; morals; motivation; prejudice; racial /ethnic difference; social change; social group; social model; social psychology; social status

This proposal is geared toward elaborating and extending a "shifting standards" model of stereotype-based judgment. This model suggests that when we judge individual members of stereotyped groups on stereotype- relevant dimensions, we use within-category referents. E.g., given stereotypes that women are more verbally able than men, we are likely to judge the verbal ability of a particular woman relative to (higher) standards of competence for women, and the verbal ability of a particular man relative to (lower) standards of competence for men. The result is that evaluations of men and women on verbal ability may not be directly comparable, as their meaning is tied to different contexts: "Good" for a woman does not mean the same thing as "good" for a man. Evidence supporting the operation of stereotype-based standard shifts can be gleaned from comparisons between judgments that are made on subjective rating scales ("slippery" scales whose units can be differentially defined and adjusted) to those made on objective scales ("common rule" scales whose judgment units maintain a constant meaning across contexts). The key prediction of the shifting standards model is that objective judgments are more likely than subjective judgments to reveal the influence of stereotypes; because subjective scales can be differentially adjusted for different target categories, they may mask this influence. This has both methodological and measurement implications for studying stereotyping in the lab, and practical implications for understanding how stereotypes may be revealed or masked in everyday communication, in formal evaluation contexts (hiring, admissions, firing, etc.), and in the standards we set for ourselves and others on a wide variety of evaluative dimensions. Stereotypes and the consequent application of differential (often patronizing) standards may influence real life outcomes, with clear implications for the mental and physical health of individual targets. Thirty-five experiments (focusing on both gender and racial stereotypes) are proposed to examine: 1) the contextual and normative conditions that promote standard shifts, 2) the processes by which judgment standards are set at different points in a decision process (e.g., initial screening of applicants versus a hiring decision), 3) motivations underlying the use of subjective language, 4) construal of subjective language, 5) the effects of qualitative differences in judgment standards, and 6) the behavioral implications of differential standard use.

该提案旨在阐述和扩展“转变 标准”基于刻板印象的判断模型。该模型表明 当我们根据刻板印象来评判刻板印象群体的个别成员时—— 相关维度，我们使用类别内的参照物。 例如，给定 女性比男性更有语言表达能力的刻板印象，我们很可能 判断特定女性相对于（较高）的言语能力 女性的能力标准以及女性的语言能力 相对于男性能力标准（较低）的特定男性。 这 结果是，对男性和女性言语能力的评估可能不会 可以直接比较，因为它们的含义与不同的上下文相关： 对于女人来说“好”与对于男人来说“好”并不意味着同样的事情。 支持基于刻板印象的标准转变运作的证据 可以从对不同判断的比较中得出 主观评分量表（“滑溜”量表，其单位可以是 差异化定义和调整）与在客观尺度上制定的那些 （“共同规则”量表的判断单位保持恒定的含义 跨上下文）。 标准转变模型的关键预测 客观判断比主观判断更有可能 揭示刻板印象的影响；因为主观量表可以 针对不同的目标类别进行差异化调整， 掩盖这种影响。 这既有方法论又有测量 对实验室研究刻板印象的影响和实践 对理解刻板印象如何被揭示或掩盖的影响 在日常沟通中，在正式评估环境中（招聘、 录取、解雇等），以及我们为自己和他人设定的标准 其他人则在各种评估维度上进行评估。刻板印象和 随之而来的差异化（通常是居高临下的）标准的应用可能会 影响现实生活的结果，对精神和心理都有明显的影响 个人目标的身体健康状况。 三十五个实验 （重点关注性别和种族陈规定型观念） 检查：1）促进的背景和规范条件 标准转变，2）设定判断标准的过程 在决策过程的不同阶段（例如，初步筛选 申请人与雇用决定），3）使用背后的动机 主观语言的解释，4）主观语言的解释，5） 判断标准的定性差异的影响，以及6） 差异化标准使用的行为影响。