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After apprenticeship: children, work, and life course in nineteenth-century England

学徒期结束后：十九世纪英国的孩子、工作和生活历程

基本信息

批准号：
AH/H007466/1
负责人：
Katrina Honeyman
金额：
$ 4.23万
依托单位：
University of Leeds
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2010 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FH007466%2F1
关键词：
After apprenticeship children work life

项目摘要

British industrialisation was founded on the expansion of factory textile production. This growth required large quantities of labour. Historians have generated surprisingly little detail about how this labour was mobilised and deployed. It is, however, quite well known that many of the first factory workers were women and children, and that some factories especially in the countryside made sustained use of young children workers, a substantial proportion of whom were parish apprentices. Since the early twentieth century, scholarly interest in parish apprenticeship has focused on the way in which poor children were disposed of by parishes and exploited by manufacturers. It is conventionally believed that parish apprenticeships were 'fictive', serving the parishes' short term goal of removing an unwanted burden but failing to bring any longer term benefits to either the child or the employer. But the study which forms the basis of this application provides evidence to demonstrate that a significant proportion of these children formed the core of the 'new' manufacturing workforce as they moved into adulthood. Factory apprentices were important because they were exposed to and acquired new ways of working; and they comprised a substantial component of the workforce of many factories for at least half a century. Many were given the opportunity to stay on at the factory where they had trained; or to use their skills in a similar enterprise, or indeed to seek employment in a different branch of manufacture. What they had learned as apprentices appears to have been valuable both for the individual child as s/he negotiated the vagaries of industrial England, and for the economy as a whole.The question of the qualitative and quantitative significance of children in the manufacturing labour force between 1820 and 1880 is explored in this project using a sample of parish factory apprentices who were supplied to textile mills from the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth century. It is recognised that textile manufacturing was not representative of all industry; indeed it may have been exceptional. It was certainly a dynamic sector. Yet the available evidence provides an opportunity to explore a particular group of children as they interacted with business activity. This study takes a selection of the 4000 named individuals identified from parish and business records and fifty of the firms to which they were originally apprenticed and, integrating a wide range of sources explores three themes. The first of these comprises the employment patterns of the initial cohort of factory apprentices as they became adult workers. The individuals are traced through the linkage of two or more sources drawn from business records, census returns, letters, settlement examinations and parliamentary reports, to develop a series of detailed life histories. These provide evidence of generational re-creation of labour. The longer term performance of the firms in which this cohort had been trained forms the second theme. Approximately forty per cent of the businesses selected did not endure but the remainder survived for a least a further generation. The evidence collected demonstrates both employer preference for retaining children trained in their own or a neighbouring firm, and the relationship between profitability and the proper treatment of apprentices. The third theme considers the development of central and local government strategies towards the employment of young people and their influence on regional and national labour market requirements and concludes, through close investigation of parish and parliamentary reports, that until late in the nineteenth century the employment of children remained central to Poor Law practices, to State priorities, to commercial success and to family survival.

英国的工业化是建立在工厂纺织品生产的扩张之上的。这种增长需要大量的劳动力。令人惊讶的是，历史学家对这些劳动力是如何动员和部署的细节很少。然而，众所周知，第一批工厂工人中有许多是妇女和儿童，有些工厂，特别是农村的工厂，长期使用童工，其中很大一部分是教区学徒。自世纪初以来，学术界对教区学徒制的兴趣一直集中在贫困儿童被教区处理和被制造商剥削的方式上。传统上认为，教区学徒制是“虚构的”，服务于教区的短期目标，即消除不必要的负担，但未能为儿童或雇主带来任何长期利益。但是，构成本申请基础的研究提供了证据，证明这些儿童中有很大一部分在成年后成为“新”制造业劳动力的核心。工厂学徒之所以重要，是因为他们接触并掌握了新的工作方式;至少在半个世纪里，他们是许多工厂劳动力的重要组成部分。许多人有机会留在他们接受培训的工厂，或者在类似的企业中使用他们的技能，或者在制造业的另一个分支寻找工作。他们作为学徒所学到的东西似乎对每个孩子都很有价值，因为他/她在英国工业化的变幻莫测中谈判，1820年至1880年期间，儿童在制造业劳动力中的质量和数量意义问题，在本项目中使用了一个教区工厂学徒的样本进行了探索，这些学徒是从1820年到1880年提供给纺织米尔斯的。从十八世纪末到世纪初。人们认识到，纺织制造业并不能代表所有工业;事实上，它可能是例外。这无疑是一个充满活力的部门。然而，现有的证据提供了一个探索特定儿童群体与商业活动互动的机会。本研究选取了4000名从教区和商业记录中确定的个人和他们最初学徒的50家公司，整合了广泛的来源，探讨了三个主题。其中第一个是最初的工厂学徒成为成年工人后的就业模式。通过从商业记录、人口普查报告、信件、定居检查和议会报告中提取的两个或两个以上来源的联系来追踪个人，以制定一系列详细的生活史。这些都证明了劳动力的代际再创造。第二个主题是培训这批人的公司的长期业绩。大约40%的被选中的企业没有持续下去，但其余的企业至少又存活了一代人。收集到的证据表明，雇主倾向于留住在自己公司或邻近公司接受培训的儿童，以及利润与学徒的适当待遇之间的关系。第三个主题审议了中央和地方政府为青年人就业制定的战略及其对区域和国家劳动力市场需求的影响，并通过对教区和议会报告的密切调查得出结论，直到世纪末，雇用儿童仍然是济贫法实践、国家优先事项、商业成功和家庭生存的中心问题。