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Oxyrhynchus Papyri

尖嘴草属纸莎草

基本信息

批准号：
AH/H03997X/1
负责人：
Nikolaos Gonis
金额：
$ 108.44万
依托单位：
University College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2010 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FH03997X%2F1
关键词：
Oxyrhynchus Papyri

项目摘要

When excavators dug al-Bahnasa, some 200 km south of Cairo, they found the rubbish dumps of ancient Oxyrhynchus, with 500,000 fragments of papyrus books and documents, mostly in Greek. This random archive materializes the Greek colonial class which effectively governed Egypt from Alexander the Great to the Arab conquest. About 10% of the papyri come from books, among them classical Greek authors whose work disappeared in whole or part during the Middle Ages: the songs of Sappho, the comedies of Menander, the elegies of Callimachus, all famous in their time. The remainder comprises public and private documents: edicts, tax-codes, tax-returns, census-forms, property-registers, sales, leases, loans, receipts, wills, marriages, shopping-lists, household accounts and many private letters, spanning mostly the first seven centuries AD, when Egypt was a province of the Roman and Byzantine Empires. The sorting, decipherment and publication of this material, begun in 1898, still continues as a project that makes this unique resource available to scholars in various disciplines. Historians of classical literature get access to vanished libraries, which have recently yielded (for example) poems by Archilochus and Simonides; they can also study reading-habits and local litterateurs, the history of the book and of education. For the Roman historian, the documents come much closer to the ground than the literary sources, which focus on high politics. Official diaries record the day-to-day activity of officials. Court records show the cohabitation of Roman and local law. Land-leases and donkey-sales hint at levels of inflation. Private letters illustrate the grass-roots economy, the networks of family and friends, the Greek language assuming its modern form. Both books and documents chronicle Egyptian Christianity: persecution and establishment, heretical gospels and their elimination, personal devotion in prayers and amulets.In the next phase of our project we aim to exploit unpublished papyri for their unique contribution to the cultural and political history of the Roman and early Byzantine world. We will publish early papyri of the New Testament and of unknown gospels, which exemplify the reading habits and doctrinal evolution of the primitive church: among them, a fragment of the novelistic 'Gospel of Andrew'. We have selected literary texts of works and authors long lost, such as Alcidamas' 'Praise of Poverty' or Menander's 'Harpist'; alongside these, anonymous bestsellers such as the novel 'Kalligone', in which the Greek colonists of the Crimea ally themselves with the Amazons, or an obscene mime copied in a hand so stately that it looks like Scripture. A group of school exercises and commentaries will inform and document the intellectual formation of the provincial elite, and a group of verse-texts the local literary production. Documentary texts have been chosen to illuminate the great transitions: the creation of the Roman province of Egypt and the enforced symbiosis of old Hellenism with the new Empire; the new world order of the early fourth century AD, and the rise of the new provincial nobility; Christian Egypt and its absorption into the empire of the Caliphs. So, in a series of petitions of the 290s, a woman struggles for justice while Emperors reconfigure the province; a Greek translation of the Digest circulates in spite of Justinian's prohibition; an account shows the Apion estate paying all staff in the employ of the provincial governor; another account reveals the new fiscal districts of Oxyrhynchus shortly after the Islamic conquest. We will also coordinate work on texts in Egyptian (Demotic and Coptic) and Arabic, which give their own glimpse of a multicultural society.Empire and Late Antiquity, in all their complexity, have left a paper-trail in the dumps of Oxyrhynchus, and this is the trail that the project will be following.

当挖掘者挖掘开罗以南约200公里的al-Bahnasa时，他们发现了古代Oxyrhynchus的垃圾堆，其中有50万张纸莎草书和文件的碎片，大部分是希腊文。这些随机档案体现了希腊殖民阶级，从亚历山大大帝到阿拉伯征服，希腊殖民阶级有效地统治了埃及。大约10%的纸莎草纸来自书籍，其中包括古典希腊作家，他们的作品在中世纪全部或部分消失：萨福的歌曲，米南德的喜剧，卡利马科斯的挽歌，在他们的时代都很有名。其余的文件包括公共和私人文件：法令、税法、纳税申报表、人口普查表、财产登记簿、销售、租赁、贷款、收据、遗嘱、婚姻、购物清单、家庭账目和许多私人信件，这些文件大多跨越公元前7个世纪，当时埃及是罗马帝国和拜占庭帝国的一个省。1898年开始的对这些材料的整理、破译和出版，仍然作为一个项目继续进行，使这一独特的资源可供各学科的学者使用。古典文学的历史学家可以进入已经消失的图书馆，这些图书馆最近出版了（例如）阿尔基罗库斯和西蒙尼德斯的诗歌;他们还可以研究阅读习惯和当地的文学，书籍和教育的历史。对于罗马历史学家来说，文献比文学资料更接近地面，后者关注高层政治。官员日记记录官员的日常活动。法庭记录显示罗马法和地方法共存。土地租赁和驴子买卖暗示着通货膨胀的水平。私人信件说明了草根经济，家庭和朋友的网络，希腊语呈现出现代形式。书籍和文献都记载了埃及基督教的历史：迫害和建立，异端福音和他们的消灭，个人在祈祷和护身符中的奉献。在我们项目的下一阶段，我们的目标是利用未出版的纸莎草纸对罗马和早期拜占庭世界的文化和政治历史的独特贡献。我们将出版早期的《新约》和未知福音的纸莎草纸，这些纸莎草纸记录了原始教会的阅读习惯和教义演变：其中包括小说《安德烈福音》的片段。我们选择了一些早已失传的作品和作家的文学文本，如阿尔奇达玛斯的《贫穷的赞美》或米南德的《竖琴》;除此之外，还有一些匿名的畅销书，如小说《卡利戈尼》，其中讲述了克里米亚的希腊殖民者与亚马逊人结盟的故事，或者是一部淫秽的哑剧，它被庄严地抄写在一只手上，看起来像是《圣经》。一组学校练习和评论将告知和记录省级精英的知识形成，一组诗歌文本将记录当地的文学作品。文献文本被用来阐明伟大的转变：埃及罗马行省的建立以及旧希腊文化与新帝国的强制共生;公元4世纪初的新世界秩序以及新行省贵族的崛起;基督教埃及及其被哈里发帝国吸收。因此，在29世纪90年代的一系列请愿书中，一位妇女在皇帝重新配置该省时为正义而斗争;尽管查士丁尼禁止，但《文摘》的希腊译本仍在流传;一份报告显示，阿皮翁庄园支付了省长雇用的所有工作人员的工资;另一份报告显示，伊斯兰征服后不久，俄克西林库斯就建立了新的财政区。我们还将协调埃及语（通俗语和科普特语）和阿拉伯语文本的工作，这些文本让我们得以一窥多元文化社会。帝国和古代晚期，在其所有的复杂性中，都在奥克希林库斯的垃圾堆中留下了一条文字线索，这就是该项目将遵循的线索。