权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Science in the public sphere: Understanding the meanings of "applied science" in the era of war, industrial research and modernism, 1900-1939

公共领域的科学：理解战争、工业研究和现代主义时代“应用科学”的含义，1900-1939

基本信息

批准号：
AH/L014815/1
负责人：
Robert Bud
金额：
$ 17.12万
依托单位：
Science Museum Group
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FL014815%2F1
关键词：
Science public sphere Understanding meanings

项目摘要

Where today we might use the word "technology", in the early 20th century the term "applied science" was popularly used to describe the space between science and practice. Understanding how it and other related terms were deployed by scientists, politicians and laypeople, helps us today make sense of how science was interpreted then, and the assumptions that we have inherited through usages and stories from that time. This study will be a second stage in a study of the meanings of applied science from the French Revolution to the end of the Cold War.With the rapid development of new products, of science and its organisation, in civilian and military fields during the years between the beginning of the twentieth century and the start of the Second World War, there were many claims for the embodiment of "applied science" in artefacts, processes and culture. Its connotations could include industrial research; a form of knowledge and education; modern devices such as telephones, the wireless, and weapons; automation; and the modern way of life as a whole. The study will not evaluate the accuracy of claims about the relations between science and practice, but rather will reveal perceptions of the time. In scientific circles, the relations between what was termed pure science and its applications were issues in which the term "applied science" was explicitly debated. Again it was implicated in cultural crises in the 1920s including the call for a "science holiday", and became a matter of political dispute in the early 1930s when science was associated with both unemployment and with investment towards rearmament. The gas warfare practiced in World War 1, frequently cited as an example of danger posed by applied science, was to many people a warning of the threat posed by science, but to others, such as JBS Haldane, its use and frequently non-lethal effects was a challenge to the promotion of public understanding of science.Applied science fascinated the much-read HG Wells and such key literary figures as Aldous Huxley and James Joyce. There was great awareness at the time of the interaction of the private and public spheres, and leading scientists such as Julian Huxley broadcast frequently. The discussions of such intellectuals will be integrated here with the evolution of term's meanings in the public square. Above all, this study will follow their development through public debate, and through historical tales often serving as allegories for present and future, which deployed the term.The study will make use of the recent digitisation of many newspapers and magazines of the time to survey and interpret the uses they made of the phrase and cognate terms. The Listener Magazine published by the BBC printed many of the science-related wireless broadcasts. This study will look, too, at exhibitions which attracted millions of visitors at the newly reopened Science Museum in London and at the great Empire exhibitions in Wembley and Glasgow. These were considered such important public windows into science that the Royal Society mounted an exhibit specifically on pure science as part of the broader 1924 Wembley exhibition. Finally the study will use the many archives of important people of the time, including the first science journalists such as JG Crowther of the Manchester Guardian as well as scientist-administrators and HG Wells. Several important leadership activities, associated with the research, will promote the wider discussion of the fundamental issues. To encourage discussion of the meaning of applied science at the time within the wider historical community, there will be a major conference on modernism organised together with leading literary and design historians. To help historians of science engage with the interface between science and practice at the time, there will be workshops on the development of industrial research in the interwar years and on the impact of the First World War.

今天我们可能会用“技术”这个词，而在20世纪初，“应用科学”一词被普遍用来描述科学和实践之间的空间。了解它和其他相关术语是如何被科学家、政治家和普通人使用的，有助于我们今天理解当时是如何解释科学的，以及我们从那个时代的用法和故事中继承下来的假设。这项研究将是研究从法国大革命到冷战结束期间应用科学的意义的第二阶段。从20世纪初到第二次世界大战开始的几年里，随着新产品、科学及其组织在民用和军事领域的快速发展，许多人声称在人工制品、工艺和文化中体现了“应用科学”。它的内涵可能包括工业研究；一种知识和教育形式；电话、无线和武器等现代设备；自动化；以及作为一个整体的现代生活方式。这项研究不会评估关于科学与实践之间关系的说法的准确性，而是会揭示出对时代的看法。在科学界，所谓的纯科学与其应用之间的关系是“应用科学”一词被明确辩论的问题。在20世纪20年代，它再次卷入了文化危机，包括呼吁设立“科学假日”，并在20世纪30年代初成为一个政治争议问题，当时科学既与失业联系在一起，也与重整军备的投资联系在一起。第一次世界大战中经常被引用为应用科学构成危险的例子的毒气战，对许多人来说是对科学构成威胁的警告，但对其他人，如JBS霍尔丹来说，它的使用和经常的非致命影响是对促进公众对科学的理解的挑战。应用科学吸引了很多人阅读的HG Wells以及奥尔多斯·赫胥黎和詹姆斯·乔伊斯等关键文学人物。当时人们对私人和公共领域的互动有很大的认识，朱利安·赫胥黎等著名科学家经常进行广播。这些知识分子的讨论将在这里与公共广场上术语含义的演变结合在一起。最重要的是，这项研究将通过公开辩论和历史故事来跟踪它们的发展，这些故事经常被用作现在和未来的寓言，这些故事使用了这个术语。研究将利用当时许多报纸和杂志最近的数字化来调查和解释他们对这个短语和同源术语的使用。英国广播公司出版的《听众杂志》刊登了许多与科学有关的无线广播。这项研究还将考察在伦敦新开放的科学博物馆以及温布利和格拉斯哥的帝国博物馆吸引了数百万参观者的展览。这些被认为是了解科学的重要公共窗口，以至于皇家学会专门举办了一场关于纯科学的展览，作为1924年温布利展览的一部分。最后，这项研究将使用当时许多重要人物的档案，包括第一批科学记者，如《曼彻斯特卫报》的JG·克劳瑟，以及科学家管理人员和HG·威尔斯。与这项研究相关的几项重要的领导活动将促进对根本问题的更广泛讨论。为了鼓励当时在更广泛的历史社区内讨论应用科学的意义，将与领先的文学和设计历史学家一起组织一次关于现代主义的大型会议。为了帮助当时的科学史学家研究科学与实践之间的联系，将举办研讨会，讨论两次世界大战期间工业研究的发展和第一次世界大战的影响。