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A COMMUNITY RESOURCE IN WHEAT TRANSFORMATION

小麦转化的社区资源

基本信息

批准号：
BB/J019356/1
负责人：
Emma Wallington
金额：
$ 78.95万
依托单位：
National Institute of Agricultural Botany
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FJ019356%2F1
关键词：
COMMUNITY RESOURCE WHEAT TRANSFORMATION

项目摘要

Most analysts looking at global food security estimate that food production needs to double to feed 9.5 billion people by 2050. Wheat is by far the most important crop in the UK and north western Europe. In the UK average wheat yield is 8-10 tonnes per hectare; doubling the latter over the next 40 years requires that the current annual increases made by breeders, around 74 kg/ha, have to improve 2.5- to 3-fold. Meanwhile our climate is changing and we need wheat varieties which are better adapted to drought and reduced fertilizer inputs to maintain a sustainable supply of affordable, nutritious and safe food. Many technologies will contribute to tackling these targets and it is inevitable that genetic modification (GM) will make a contribution. This will either be directly, with the development and introduction of GM wheat varieties with new traits, or indirectly, as a research tool to better understand how trait genes function.A genetically modified organism (GMO) has a new gene or set of genes added to its genetic material. In the case of plants, these can be introduced by a naturally occurring soil bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The bacterium inserts a small piece of DNA containing the new gene into the plant cell, and from the single transformed cell, a normal fertile plant can be regenerated. This process occurs in the natural environment in a limited range of plants, with specific bacterial genes being inserted into the plant cell that cause disease. Over the last 30 years, significant advancements have been made to this technology, removing the bacterial genes which are inserted into the plant cell, and extending the range of plant species to many crops. However wheat has remained quite difficult and inefficient to transform, until recent advances were made by researchers at a company in Japan.NIAB has a Crop Transformation Team which mainly focuses on GM wheat, and is now using these new techniques with great success. We can add one (or a few) new genes into a wheat cell, which already contains an estimated 150,000 genes, and regenerate a new "fine-tuned" wheat plant. This is an important tool, which helps us understand what effect the gene has on the plant, and is much more precise than traditional breeding techniques. It allows both functional analysis of genes for research, and importantly a viable route to breeding new traits for commercial exploitation.GM crops have to date have largely been confined to traits giving resistance to herbicides or insects, but a new generation of traits which confer drought tolerance, disease resistance, yield improvements or health benefits are now being examined which will have an important role to play in achieving food security and future increases in production. Some of these genes come from other crop species and would be impossible to study in wheat without GM. The Community Resource in Wheat Transformation will make it easier and more cost effective for UK academic researchers to access the best wheat transformation system in the world. It will particularly encourage plant scientists working in other species to evaluate their genes in wheat, and provide valuable materials for further research. The funding will also allow the technology to advance so that large or multiple gene combinations can be efficiently and economically transferred to a range of wheat varieties for evaluation.

大多数关注全球粮食安全的分析师估计，到 2050 年，粮食产量需要增加一倍才能养活 95 亿人。小麦是迄今为止英国和西北欧最重要的农作物。在英国，小麦平均产量为每公顷 8-10 吨；如果后者在未来 40 年内翻一番，则需要将目前育种者每年增加的产量（约 74 公斤/公顷）提高 2.5 至 3 倍。与此同时，我们的气候正在发生变化，我们需要更能适应干旱和减少化肥投入的小麦品种，以维持负担得起、营养和安全的食品的可持续供应。许多技术将有助于解决这些目标，而基因改造（GM）将不可避免地做出贡献。这要么是直接的，随着具有新性状的转基因小麦品种的开发和引入，要么是间接的，作为更好地了解性状基因如何发挥作用的研究工具。转基因生物（GMO）在其遗传物质中添加了一个或一组新基因。就植物而言，这些可以通过天然存在的土壤细菌根癌农杆菌引入。细菌将一小段含有新基因的DNA插入植物细胞中，从单个转化的细胞中，可以再生出正常的可育植物。这个过程发生在有限范围的自然环境中的植物中，特定的细菌基因被插入植物细胞中，从而引起疾病。在过去的 30 年里，这项技术取得了重大进展，去除了插入植物细胞的细菌基因，并将植物物种范围扩展到许多作物。然而，小麦的转化仍然相当困难且效率低下，直到最近日本一家公司的研究人员取得了进展。NIAB 有一个作物转化团队，主要专注于转基因小麦，现在正在使用这些新技术，取得了巨大成功。我们可以将一个（或几个）新基因添加到小麦细胞中（该细胞已经包含估计 150,000 个基因），并再生出新的“微调”小麦植株。这是一个重要的工具，它可以帮助我们了解基因对植物的影响，并且比传统育种技术精确得多。它既可以用于研究的基因功能分析，更重要的是提供了一条培育新性状用于商业开发的可行途径。迄今为止，转基因作物在很大程度上仅限于对除草剂或昆虫具有抗性的性状，但目前正在研究赋予耐旱、抗病、提高产量或健康益处的新一代性状，这些性状将在实现粮食安全和未来增产方面发挥重要作用。其中一些基因来自其他作物物种，如果没有转基因，就不可能在小麦中进行研究。小麦转化社区资源将使英国学术研究人员更容易、更具成本效益地获得世界上最好的小麦转化系统。它将特别鼓励研究其他物种的植物科学家评估小麦的基因，并为进一步研究提供有价值的材料。这笔资金还将推动技术进步，使大型或多个基因组合能够有效、经济地转移到一系列小麦品种中进行评估。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（8）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Overcoming the trade-off between grain weight and number in wheat by the ectopic expression of expansin in developing seeds leads to increased yield potential.

DOI：
10.1111/nph.17048
发表时间：
2021-04
期刊：
The New phytologist
影响因子：
0
作者：
Calderini DF;Castillo FM;Arenas-M A;Molero G;Reynolds MP;Craze M;Bowden S;Milner MJ;Wallington EJ;Dowle A;Gomez LD;McQueen-Mason SJ
通讯作者：
McQueen-Mason SJ

Turning Up the Temperature on CRISPR: Increased Temperature Can Improve the Editing Efficiency of Wheat Using CRISPR/Cas9.