FACCE ERA-NET+ GrassLandscape (Project Leader: Jean-Paul Sampoux, INRA, France)

我们的项目旨在实施一个创新的方法框架，以筛选农地物种的自然多样性，以便发现与环境适应有关的遗传变异性，尤其是与气候适应有关的遗传变异性(Sampoux等人，2013年)。我们将考虑利用这一方法产生的成果来规划恢复因气候变化和破坏而退化的永久草原的战略。我们的项目将侧重于多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)，这是一种主要的草种，自然分布于整个欧洲大陆以及北非和近东(Humphreys等人，2010年)。本种是许多天然草地群落的主要组成部分。它是一种资源捕获战略物种(Martin等人，2009年)，在放牧牛的草原上特别普遍。它也是欧洲用来建造临时草甸的主要草种，因此在过去40年里得到了广泛的繁育努力(Sampoux等人，2011年)。一个新的生态科学领域(景观基因组学)的最新发展为从全基因组基因分型数据中发现适应性多样性的基因组标记铺平了道路。它们是基于将基因起源地的基因组多态和环境变异与选择签名测试相结合的方法的实施(Manel等人，2010年)。我们将实施这一方法框架来检测多年生黑麦草自然多样性中气候适应的基因组标记。我们将使用一种基于大规模并行测序技术的基因分型方法，应用于从植物育种研究所的基因库中获得的大量种群或在欧洲各地原位收集的种群。我们将进一步利用参与该项目的植物育种研究所的技术和设备，在田间和受控环境中对这些种群进行表型，记录农艺和生态生理性状。这些表型数据将被用于建立表型可变性和基因组多态之间的关联模型。基因组多态和环境变异之间的关联模型将被用来绘制与适应多样性相关的基因组标记在当前气候条件下的空间分布，并基于IPCC AR5的四个代表性浓度路径(Moss等人，2010年)预测在几个气候变化背景下适应这些标记的空间范围的可能变化。在这些结果的基础上，我们将定义多年生黑麦草的等位基因图谱，这些等位基因有望在气候模型预测的未来气候条件下在欧洲的区域尺度上提供气候适应。我们将考虑通过重组提供气候适应和服务价值的等位基因来将气候适应和服务价值(饲料生产和气候缓解)结合起来。我们将设计几个混合不同自然种群的基因库，培育区域适应的种群，以恢复永久退化的草原气候中断。培育和释放改良的遗传物质将不在项目范围之内，但将在项目结束时在特设会议上与利益攸关方讨论，以便在今后的合作项目中实施。

Our project aims to implement an innovative methodological frame to screen the natural diversity of agrassland species in order to discover genetic variability involved in environmental adaptation, and morespecifically in climatic adaptation (Sampoux et al., 2013). We will consider the use of results delivered by thisapproach to plan strategies to restore permanent grasslands degraded by climatic shifts and disruptions. Ourproject will focus on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), which is a major grass species naturallydistributed over the whole European continent as well as in Northern Africa and Near East (Humphreys et al.,2010). This species is a major component of many natural grassland communities. It is a resource capturestrategy species (Martin et al., 2009) which is especially prevalent in grasslands grazed by cattle. It is also themain grass species sown in Europe to create temporary meadows and it has therefore received extensivebreeding effort during the last four decades (Sampoux et al., 2011). Recent developments in a new area ofecological sciences (landscape genomics) have paved the way to the discovery of genomic markers ofadaptive diversity from genome-wide genotyping data. They are based on the implementation of methodscorrelating genomic polymorphisms and environmental variations at sites of origin of genotypes combinedwith tests of signature of selection (Manel et al., 2010). We will implement this methodological frame to detectgenomic markers of climatic adaptation in the natural diversity of perennial ryegrass. We will use a genotypingmethod based on massively parallel sequencing technology applied to a high number of populations obtainedfrom genebanks of plant breeding research institutes or collected in situ across Europe. We will furthermoretake advantage of know-how and facilities of plant breeding research institutes participating in the project tophenotype these populations in fields and in controlled environment to record agronomic and ecophysiologicaltraits. These phenotypic data will be used to model associations between phenotypic variabilityand genomic polymorphisms. Association models between genomic polymorphisms and environmental variations will be used to mapthe spatial distribution of genomic markers linked to adaptive diversity in present climatic conditions and toforesee possible shifts in the spatial range fitting these markers in the context of several climate changescenarios based on the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) of IPCC AR5 (Moss et al., 2010).On the basis of these results, we will define allelic profiles of perennial ryegrass expected to provide climaticadaptation at regional scale over Europe under the future climatic conditions foreseen by climate models. Wewill consider combining climatic adaptation and value for services (forage production and climate mitigation)by the recombination of alleles providing climatic adaptation and value for services. We will design severalgenetic pools mixing different natural populations for breeding regionally adapted populations to restorepermanent grasslands degraded climatic disruptions. Breeding and releasing improved genetic material willbe out of the scope of the project but will be discussed with stakeholders at the end of the project during adhoc meetings for implementation in further collaborative projects.