CONTROL OF BEATHING--INFLUENCES OF UPPER AIRWAY

我们的长期目标是了解 健康和疾病时的上呼吸道通畅。 拟议的研究 旨在更好地了解 目前了解不多。 特别强调 上呼吸道肌肉的神经调节 已知传入改变各种上呼吸道的活动 肌肉. 麻醉、自主呼吸的犬和兔 将用于动物研究。 单个动作电位 上级喉神经的纤维将从其 外周切割端。 环杓后肌肌电图， 颏舌肌和鼻翼肌将用双极记录 电极丝 喉机械感受器的行为和 上气道阻塞时上气道肌肉的反应 将记录内在麻痹之前和之后 喉肌（通过冷阻断喉返神经）。 来自肺的容量相关反馈对肺功能的影响 将通过阻断上呼吸道压力来测试对上呼吸道压力的反应。 麻醉剂中SO2慢适应受体的活性 家兔 喉粘膜降温对喉返流的影响 将评价机械感受器对压力变化的反应， 上呼吸道记录的单纤维动作电位 闭塞 在单独的实验中， 还将通过监测平滑肌来研究肌肉活动 胸外气管的张力 假设喉部 冷却是呼吸抑制的原因， 新生动物在气流通过上呼吸道期间， 通过比较不同喉部的反应进行测试， 在恒定流速下的温度。 最后，在人类研究中，我们 计划确定导致改变的因素 在喂养挤出的乳汁和配方奶期间的呼吸模式。 此外，使用高和低浓度的乳酸菌， 低流速接头。 预计拟议的研究将 为气道维护和调节提供有价值的见解 呼吸在健康和疾病，特别是在睡眠呼吸暂停， 冷诱发的支气管痉挛

Our long term objective is to understand the maintenance of upper airway patency in health and disease. the proposed studies are designed to provide better insight into mechanisms that are poorly understood at present. Special emphasis is given to neuroregulation of upper airway muscles Stimulation of laryngeal afferent is known to alter the activity of various upper airway muscles. Anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs and rabbits will be used in the animal studies. Action potentials from single fibers of the superior laryngeal nerve will be monitored from its peripheral cut end. Electromyograms of posterior cricoarytenoid, genioglossus and al ae nasi muscles will be recorded with bipolar wire electrodes. Behavior of laryngeal mechanoreceptors and the response of upper airway muscles during upper airway occlusion will be documented before and after paralysis of intrinsic laryngeal muscles (by cold block of recurrent laryngeal nerves). The role of volume-related feedback from the lungs on the response to upper airway pressure will be tested by blocking the activity of slowly adapting receptors with SO2 in anesthestized rabbits. The effects of cooling of the laryngeal mucosa on the mechanoreceptor response to pressure changes will be evaluated, and single fiber action potential recorded during upper airway occlusion. In separate experiments the effect on tracheal smooth muscle activity will also be studied by monitoring smooth muscle tone in the extra-thoracic trachea. The hypothesis that laryngeal cooling is responsible for the respiratory inhibition observed in newborn animals during airflow through the upper airway will be tested by comparing the responses at different laryngeal temperatures at constant flow rate. Finally, in human studies, we plan to identify the factors responsible for the alteration of breathing pattern during feeding of expressed milk and formula. In addition, the rate of milk flow will be altered using high and low flow rate nipples. The proposed studies are anticipated to provide valuable insights into airway maintenance and regulation of breathing in health and disease, especially in sleep apnea and cold-induced bronchospasm.