CONTROL OF BEATHING--INFLUENCES OF UPPER AIRWAY

我们的长期目标是了解维护 健康和疾病中的上呼吸道通畅。建议进行的研究 旨在更好地洞察以下机制 目前人们对此知之甚少。特别强调了 上呼吸道肌肉对喉部刺激的神经调节 已知传入改变各种上呼吸道的活动 肌肉。麻醉、自主呼吸的狗和兔 将用于动物研究。单个细胞的动作电位 喉上神经的纤维将从其 周边切割端。环鳗后的肌电图， 颧舌肌和鼻翼肌肉将被记录到双极 金属丝电极。喉部机械感受器的行为和 上呼吸道阻塞时上气道肌的反应 将被记录在内在瘫痪之前和之后 喉肌(通过冷凝喉返神经)。 来自肺部的容量相关反馈在 对上呼吸道压力的反应将通过阻断 麻醉过程中慢适应受体对SO2的活性 兔子。喉粘膜降温对人喉粘膜功能的影响 我们将评估机械感受器对压力变化的反应， 和上呼吸道记录到的单纤维动作电位 遮挡。在单独的实验中，对气管顺畅的影响 肌肉活动也将通过监测平滑肌肉来研究。 胸腔外气管的音调。假设喉部 冷却是观察到呼吸抑制的原因 新生的动物在气流通过上呼吸道的过程中 通过比较不同喉部的反应进行测试 恒定流速的温度。最后，在人体研究中，我们 计划确定导致变更的因素 奶粉和配方奶喂养过程中的呼吸模式。 此外，还将使用HIGH和 低流率的乳头。拟议的研究预计将 为呼吸道维护和调节提供有价值的见解 呼吸在健康和疾病中的作用，特别是在睡眠呼吸暂停和疾病中 寒冷引起的支气管痉挛。

Our long term objective is to understand the maintenance of upper airway patency in health and disease. the proposed studies are designed to provide better insight into mechanisms that are poorly understood at present. Special emphasis is given to neuroregulation of upper airway muscles Stimulation of laryngeal afferent is known to alter the activity of various upper airway muscles. Anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs and rabbits will be used in the animal studies. Action potentials from single fibers of the superior laryngeal nerve will be monitored from its peripheral cut end. Electromyograms of posterior cricoarytenoid, genioglossus and al ae nasi muscles will be recorded with bipolar wire electrodes. Behavior of laryngeal mechanoreceptors and the response of upper airway muscles during upper airway occlusion will be documented before and after paralysis of intrinsic laryngeal muscles (by cold block of recurrent laryngeal nerves). The role of volume-related feedback from the lungs on the response to upper airway pressure will be tested by blocking the activity of slowly adapting receptors with SO2 in anesthestized rabbits. The effects of cooling of the laryngeal mucosa on the mechanoreceptor response to pressure changes will be evaluated, and single fiber action potential recorded during upper airway occlusion. In separate experiments the effect on tracheal smooth muscle activity will also be studied by monitoring smooth muscle tone in the extra-thoracic trachea. The hypothesis that laryngeal cooling is responsible for the respiratory inhibition observed in newborn animals during airflow through the upper airway will be tested by comparing the responses at different laryngeal temperatures at constant flow rate. Finally, in human studies, we plan to identify the factors responsible for the alteration of breathing pattern during feeding of expressed milk and formula. In addition, the rate of milk flow will be altered using high and low flow rate nipples. The proposed studies are anticipated to provide valuable insights into airway maintenance and regulation of breathing in health and disease, especially in sleep apnea and cold-induced bronchospasm.