INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL AND AFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING IN INFANCY

这个项目关注的是个体差异的长期后果。 在生理、社交和情感功能方面。一项研究涉及到 与某些唤醒或易怒的信号在第一个 生命的月份与儿童气质的衡量标准有关， 情感表现力，以及后来的生理学。我们发现 随着压力的增加，平均心脏周期显著发育增加- 心率变异性的相关降低和心率的增加。 皮质醇水平随着年龄的增长而增加，变得更加个体化 具有昼夜节律的特点，并随昼夜节律而变化。个人 对一系列情绪的积极和消极反应的差异- 随着时间的推移，激发刺激是可靠和稳定的。尽管母亲们 对婴儿气质的看法也非常稳定，他们 与面部表情的观察测量无关。措施 在家庭中的行为同步性预测的差异 后续的附着物担保。 在第二个项目中，我们正在研究母性行为的影响， 母亲特征、家庭模式和婴儿特征 欧美中上阶层的社会情感发展 中美洲下层移民，对文化敏感 评价规范的社会行为和发展的标准。 无论社会或种族背景如何，母亲们花费了相当多的时间 在不同的活动中的时间，如喂养、照顾和 和他们的婴儿一起玩耍。尽管父亲的出现似乎并没有 影响婴儿在不同活动中花费的时间，它确实 影响父母相互注意和发声的时间 带着他们的婴儿。母性敏感度的个体差异 喂养的婴儿随着时间的推移是稳定的。

This project focuses on long-term consequences of individual differences in physical, social, and affective functioning. One study is concerned with the ways certain signals of arousal or irritability in the first months of life are related to measures of the child's temperament, emotional expressiveness, and physiology at later ages. We found significant developmental increases in mean heart period, with stress- related decreases in heart-rate variability and increases in heart rate. Cortisol levels increased with age, became more individually characteristic, and varied as a function of diurnal rhythms. Individuals differences in positive and negative responding to a series of emotion- eliciting stimuli were reliable and stable over time. Although mothers' perceptions of infant temperament were also highly stable, they were unrelated to observational measures of facial expressiveness. Measures of behavioral synchrony in the home predicted differences in the subsequent security of attachment. In a second project, we are studying the effects of maternal behavior, maternal characteristics, family patterns, and infant characteristics on the socioemotional development of upper-middle class Euro-American and lower-class Central American immigrants, developing culturally-sensitive criteria for evaluating normative social behavior and development. Regardless of social or ethnic background, mothers spent a considerable amount of time in discrete activities such as feeding, caring for, and playing with their infants. Although fathers' presence did not seem to affect the amount of time infants spent in discrete activities, it did influence the time parents spent in mutual attention and vocalization with their infants. Individual differences in maternal sensitivity while feeding infants were stable over time.