Conservation, Markets and Justice: a comparative study of local and global conceptions

森林保护倡议往往是由国家甚至全球一级的动机所驱动的。这些目标包括为国民经济保护宝贵资源、保护生物多样性，以及通过加强森林生物量中的碳储存来日益缓解气候变化。虽然保护在很大程度上是基于全球利益，包括为子孙后代，但越来越多的人认为，这些利益不应损害居住在保护目标森林内或附近的当代人的需求和权利。这是所有政府、非政府组织和公共决策机构目前面临的一个非常重要的挑战，这些机构正在通过支持保护区、REDD+（减少毁林和森林退化造成的排放）和其他保护机制来实施热带森林保护。英国政府本身也积极参与REDD+，许多国际保护非政府组织，如动植物国际和世界自然基金会。这个研究项目将寻求为解决这一挑战作出贡献，即在发展中国家为所有人保护森林与为当地人民伸张社会正义之间取得协调。为此，该项目将产生关于社会正义对这些当地人意味着什么的新的经验数据，并与捐助者、非政府组织和国家和国际层面的决策者合作，将这些新知识付诸实践。该项目将在中国、坦桑尼亚和委内瑞拉这三个国家开展研究。在每个国家，我们都选择了代表两种不同类型的森林保护干预措施的研究地点：那些以社区为导向的和那些也采取了更以市场为导向的方法的。因此，我们对不同国家和不同的森林干预治理模式进行了比较。在每个站点，我们将研究当地对环境正义的概念，例如，不同群体的当地人认为什么是做出森林管理选择的最公平的方式，以及他们认为与任何干预相关的成本和收益分配的最公平的方式。因为我们对当地的正义概念知之甚少，也没有既定的研究方法，我们将采用多种方法，为我们提供比较研究结果和验证结果的机会。我们将使用调查和实验性经济游戏来测试一些众所周知的正义原则的存在。但我们也将采用更开放的民族志方法，包括访谈和参与式视频，以更归纳的方法来确定司法规范。在第一年，我们将举办一个基于实地的方法启动研讨会，以团队形式试点和最终确定所有方法。除了跨国家和跨干预类型的比较之外，我们研究的一个中心要点将是比较当地的正义概念与在特定地点的保护干预中明显存在的正义概念。通过这种方式，我们将调查任何存在分歧的领域，并试图了解这如何影响当地对干预的接受程度。换句话说，我们将着眼于不同利益相关者的正义和公平概念之间的分歧和趋同，作为理解保护冲突与合作的基础。对这项研究的需求是通过之前与实地地点的非政府组织参与者的合作，以及我们在英国组织的活动而产生的，这些活动将对森林和生物多样性保护方法的正义导向方法感兴趣的学者和实践者聚集在一起。我们将继续与世界自然保护联盟和世界自然基金会等主要的保护利益相关者进行接触，以确保这些新知识为新的实践提供信息。

Forest conservation initiatives are often driven by motives that arise at national and even global levels. These include the preservation of valuable resources for the national economy, the conservation of biological diversity and, increasingly, the mitigation of climate change through enhanced storage of carbon in forest biomass. Whilst conservation is largely framed in terms of global goods, including for future generations, there is increasing agreement that these interests should not prejudice the needs and rights of current people who live within or adjacent to those forests targeted for conservation. This is a very important challenge that is currently being faced by all those governments, NGOs and public policy-making institutions that are implementing forest conservation in the tropics through support for protected areas, REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) and other conservation mechanisms. The UK government is itself strongly involved in REDD+, as are many international conservation NGOs such as Fauna and Flora International and WWF. This research project will seek to contribute to the challenge to reconcile forest conservation for all, with social justice for local people in developing countries. To do so, the project will generate new empirical data about what social justice means to these local people and work with donors, NGOs and policy-makers at national and international levels to bring this new knowledge into practice. The project will conduct research in three countries, China, Tanzania and Venezuela. In each country we have selected study sites that represent two different categories of forest conservation intervention: those that are community-oriented and those that have also taken on more market-oriented approaches. Thus we have comparisons across different countries and across different governance models of forest intervention. In each site we will research local conceptions of environmental justice, for example what different groups of local people consider to be the fairest way of making decisions about forest management options, and what they consider to be the fairest way of distributing the costs and benefits associated with any intervention. Because so little is known about local conceptions of justice, and there are no established methodologies for researching this, we will employ a combination of methods that provide us with opportunities for comparing findings and for validation of results. We will test for the presence of some well known principles of justice using surveys and experimental economic games. But we will also employ more open, ethnographic methods, inlcuding interviews and participatory video, for a more inductive approach to identifying justice norms. During year 1 we will hold a field-based methods inception workshop to pilot and finalise all methods as a team.In addition to comparisons across countries and across intervention type, a central thrust of our research will be to compare local conceptions of justice with those that are evident in the conservation interventions in that particular site. In that way, we will be investigating any areas of divergence and seeking to understand how this impacts on local receptivity to the intervention. In other words, we will be looking at divergence and convergence between different stakeholders' conceptions of justice and fairness, as a basis for understanding conservation conflicts and cooperation. The demand for this research has arisen through previous collaborative engagement with NGO actors in the the field sites themselves and through UK-based events we have organised, bringing together academics and practitioners interested in justice-oriented approaches to forest and biodiversity conservation approaches. We will continue this engagement with key conservation stakeholders such as IUCN and WWF to ensure that this new knowledge informs new practices.