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From displacement to development: arts education as a means to build cultural resilience and community-led arts production in the Marshall Islands

从流离失所到发展：艺术教育是马绍尔群岛建立文化复原力和社区主导的艺术生产的一种手段

基本信息

批准号：
ES/P004725/1
负责人：
Michelle Keown
金额：
$ 31.96万
依托单位：
University of Edinburgh
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2016
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2016 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FP004725%2F1
关键词：
displacement development arts education means

项目摘要

This is a participatory arts education project involving a series of workshops conducted with schoolchildren; members of their extended families; and trainee schoolteachers in the Marshall Islands and Hawaii. The workshops will include activities in creative writing, the visual arts, and photography, and will result in creative outputs (by Marshallese children, trainee teachers, and artists involved in the project) and academic outputs (produced by the project team) exploring the Marshallese experience of displacement as a result of:i) US nuclear testing during the Cold Warii) The appropriation and continued use of Kwajalein island for US ballistic missile testingiii) Resulting conditions of poverty necessitating migration to Hawaii and other parts of the US in search of a better quality of life. The Marshall Islands experienced five centuries of colonisation under Spain, Germany, Japan and finally the US, and during the twentieth century, global wars and US military expansion led to the forcible (and often permanent) displacement of much of the population. During the Second World War, Marshallese were forcibly evacuated from Kwajalein island to make way for Japanese, then US military installations, and during the Cold War, many more Marshallese were forced to leave northern atolls (such as Bikini and Enewetak) to make way for US nuclear testing. The Bikinians were told their displacement would be temporary, but contamination from nuclear radiation has rendered their homeland uninhabitable for an estimated 30,000 years, as well as afflicting Marshallese exposed to fallout with a range of serious health problems (including cancers and birth defects) which are still manifesting in descendants born generations later. Nuclear refugees were forced to settle on southern islands such as Majuro and Ebeye, and were joined by remaining islanders from Kwajalein forced to relocate when the US established a ballistic missile testing base on Kwajalein during the Cold War. The Marshall Islands became self-governing in 1979, and signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (in 1986) which granted islanders the right to work and settle in the US, and included a one-off settlement for nuclear compensation claims. However, the settlement fund is far too limited to address the immense environmental and health damage caused by the tests, and many impoverished Marshallese have migrated to neighbouring US states (such as Hawaii) in search of a better standard of living, only to discover that many entitlements (such as the right to vote or to apply to national healthcare schemes) are only extended to US-born Marshallese. This has exacerbated existing conditions of poverty, and in addition, migrants have become stigmatised in US media and public discourse as a drain on public resources (including health and welfare systems). This project aims to better understand the Marshallese experience of displacement, and to explore how strategies of resilience that remain within the community might be deployed to build educational and socioeconomic capacity in the future. Arts movements elsewhere in the Pacific have demonstrated the potential for creative work to bear witness to, and aid recovery from, the traumas of displacement and dispossession under colonialism. There is a robust network of professional indigenous artists and arts educators extending throughout much of Oceania, and the project aims to explore potential for the Marshall Islands to join this creative community, building on incipient moves in this direction (such as the recent revival of Marshallese jake-ed (clothing mat) weaving through a series of workshops held at the Marshall Islands branch of the University of the South Pacific). In addition to a number of creative outputs, the project will deliver sustainable arts education training to Marshallese schoolteachers, and produce policy documents for circulation to the Marshallese government and other stakeholders.

这是一个参与性的艺术教育项目，包括在马歇尔群岛和夏威夷为学童、他们的大家庭成员和受训教师举办一系列讲习班。讲习班将包括创作、视觉艺术和摄影方面的活动，并将产生创造性的产出。（马绍尔儿童、实习教师和参与该项目的艺术家）和学术产出（由项目小组制作）探讨马绍尔群岛因以下原因而流离失所的经历：i）冷战期间美国的核试验ii）美国将夸贾林岛用于弹道导弹试验iii）由此产生的贫困状况迫使人们移民到夏威夷和美国其他地区，以寻求更好的生活质量。马歇尔群岛经历了西班牙、德国、日本和最后美国五个世纪的殖民统治，在二十世纪，全球战争和美国的军事扩张导致大部分人口被迫（往往是永久性的）流离失所。在第二次世界大战期间，马绍尔人被迫从夸贾林岛撤离，为日本，然后是美国的军事设施让路，在冷战期间，更多的马绍尔人被迫离开北方环礁（如比基尼和埃尼威托克），为美国核试验让路。比基尼人被告知他们的流离失所将是暂时的，但核辐射的污染使他们的家园在估计3万年内无法居住，并且使马绍尔人暴露于一系列严重的健康问题（包括癌症和出生缺陷），这些问题仍然表现在几代人以后出生的后代中。核难民被迫在马朱罗和埃贝耶等南部岛屿定居，当美国在冷战期间在夸贾林建立弹道导弹试验基地时，夸贾林的剩余岛民被迫搬迁。马歇尔群岛于1979年自治，并于1986年与美国签署了《自由联合条约》，赋予岛民在美国工作和定居的权利，并包括一次性解决核赔偿索赔。然而，和解基金太有限，无法解决测试造成的巨大环境和健康损害，许多贫困的马绍尔人为了寻求更好的生活水平而移民到美国邻国（如夏威夷），却发现许多权利（如投票权或申请国家医疗保健计划的权利）只适用于美国出生的马绍尔人。这加剧了现有的贫困状况，此外，移民在美国媒体和公共话语中被污名化为公共资源（包括卫生和福利系统）的流失。该项目旨在更好地了解马绍尔人的流离失所经历，并探讨如何在社区内部署复原力战略，以建设未来的教育和社会经济能力。太平洋其他地区的艺术运动表明，创造性工作有潜力见证殖民主义下流离失所和被剥夺的创伤，并帮助从这种创伤中恢复过来。在大洋洲大部分地区都有一个强大的土著专业艺术家和艺术教育者网络，该项目旨在探索马歇尔群岛加入这一创造性社区的潜力，并在这方面的初期举措（例如最近通过在南太平洋大学马歇尔群岛分支举办的一系列讲习班恢复了马绍尔人的jake-ed（衣服垫）编织）的基础上再接再厉。除了一些创造性的产出外，该项目还将为马绍尔的学校教师提供可持续的艺术教育培训，并编写政策文件，分发给马绍尔政府和其他利益攸关方。