Interrogating state vigilantism and international responsibility in the context of Southeast Asia's war on drugs

审视东南亚禁毒战争背景下的国家自卫行为和国际责任

• 批准号: ES/W006456/1
• 负责人: Euan Raffle
• 金额: $ 12.98万
• 依托单位: University of Leeds
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FW006456%2F1
• 关键词: Interrogating; state; vigilantism; international; responsibility

The global war on drugs has been catastrophic for human rights, fuelling organised crime, corruption, undermining rights to health, and leading to thousands of extrajudicial killings (Human Rights Watch, 2020). The Philippines has recently brought these shortcomings of the war on drugs into sharp relief; as many as 27,000 people have been extrajudicially killed by security forces acting in an 'unofficial' vigilante capacity since 2016. UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial summary or arbitrary killings Agnes Callamard has highlighted how the policies of the war on drugs 'foster a regime of impunity, invigorating the rule of violence rather than the rule of law'(ABS-CBN, 2018). However, as Bateson (2020, p.6) notes, political science and by extension International Relations has largely neglected to 'take seriously the role of the state in enabling, fostering, and perpetrating vigilantism'. Consequently, scrutinising the role that states play in 'invigorating the role of violence' as part of the war on drugs is essential and timely in order to prevent further global human rights abuses. My PhD project compared the Philippine drug war led by President Rodrigo Duterte and that undertaken by Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra in 2003, where as many as 3200 people were murdered by the state. As part of this, the PhD project analysed how both Thaksin and Duterte orchestrated and legitimised violence, whilst seeking to build political support for their campaigns. In response to a lacuna in the literature, the PhD developed the concept of 'state vigilantism', which it argues is where the state murders large numbers of people, whilst presenting it as a vigilante style response of ordinary society. The fellowship has two main aims, which will allow me to build an academic career that engages with and informs policy. Firstly, the fellowship will allow me to make a significant contribution to understandings of state violence through the publication of two articles in high-ranking journals and presentations at academic conferences. As well as the two articles which draw upon my PhD, the fellowship will also allow me to undertake a small amount of new research in partnership with my mentor Dr Adrian Gallagher to build upon our already co-published work (Gallagher et al, 2020). This journal article will examine the role that civil society actors play in ensuring human rights norms are respected in the Philippines, and how they engage foreign and international authorities to do this. The second aim of the fellowship is to build connections with policymakers and non-academic audiences. I envisage my research being of interest of to two broad types of NGO groups- those that work on the human rights issues relating to the war on drugs, and those which work on mass atrocity crimes. My research on the legitimisation of drug war killings will be provided to relevant civil society organisations and NGOs to inform their campaigning and advocacy. As my mentor, Dr Adrian Gallagher works closely with Protection Approaches, a London based NGO who work on identity-based violence. They oversee a civil society network of over 25 partner organisations, so the work will be presented to these partners. As part of the dissemination process, I will also work to develop relationships that I cultivated during my PhD with civil society organisations and NGOs, whose work relates to the war on drugs and human rights. In order to cultivate closer links with these two groups, I will organise a one-day symposium on state killing and the R2P. Both academic and practitioners outlined above will be invited, and presenters at the symposium will be asked to contribute an article to the Global R2P Journal special issue mentioned above. Overall, this post-doctoral fellowship will enable me to become a full time academic whilst bringing a much-needed focus on the role of state violence in the war on drugs into International Relations.

全球禁毒战争对人权造成了灾难性的影响，助长了有组织犯罪和腐败，损害了健康权，并导致数千起法外处决（人权观察，2020年）。菲律宾最近将毒品战争的这些缺点突显出来;自2016年以来，已有多达27，000人被安全部队以“非官方”义务警员的身份法外杀害。联合国法外处决、即决处决或任意处决问题特别报告员艾格尼丝·卡拉马德（Agnes Callamard）强调，禁毒战争的政策如何“助长了有罪不罚的制度，助长了暴力统治，而不是法治”（ABS-CBN，2018年）。然而，正如贝特森（2020年，第6页）指出的那样，政治学和国际关系在很大程度上忽视了“认真对待国家在促成、培养和实施私刑方面的作用”。因此，作为禁毒战争的一部分，审查国家在“助长暴力作用”方面所发挥的作用是必要和及时的，以防止进一步的全球侵犯人权行为。我的博士项目比较了罗德里戈·杜特尔特总统领导的菲律宾毒品战争和泰国总理他信·西那瓦在2003年进行的毒品战争，其中多达3200人被国家谋杀。作为其中的一部分，博士项目分析了他信和杜特尔特如何策划和合法化暴力，同时寻求为他们的竞选活动建立政治支持。为了回应文献中的一个空白，博士发展了“国家民团主义”的概念，它认为国家谋杀了大量的人，同时将其呈现为普通社会的民团主义风格的反应。该奖学金有两个主要目标，这将使我能够建立一个学术生涯，参与和通知政策。首先，奖学金将使我能够通过在高级期刊上发表两篇文章和在学术会议上发表演讲，为理解国家暴力做出重大贡献。除了利用我的博士学位的两篇文章外，该奖学金还将使我能够与我的导师Adrian Gallagher博士合作开展少量新的研究，以我们已经共同发表的工作为基础（Gallagher等人，2020）。这篇期刊文章将探讨民间社会行为者在确保人权规范在菲律宾得到尊重方面所发挥的作用，以及他们如何让外国和国际当局参与进来。该研究金的第二个目的是与决策者和非学术受众建立联系。我设想我的研究对两大类非政府组织团体感兴趣--那些致力于与毒品战争有关的人权问题的团体，以及那些致力于大规模暴行罪的团体。我对毒品战争杀戮合法化的研究将提供给相关的民间社会组织和非政府组织，以告知他们的运动和宣传。作为我的导师，阿德里安·加拉格尔博士与“保护方法”密切合作，这是一个伦敦的非政府组织，致力于解决基于身份的暴力问题。他们监督一个由25个以上伙伴组织组成的民间社会网络，因此将向这些伙伴介绍工作。作为传播过程的一部分，我还将努力发展我在博士期间与民间社会组织和非政府组织培养的关系，他们的工作涉及毒品和人权战争。为了与这两个团体建立更密切的联系，我将组织一个为期一天的关于国家杀戮和保护责任的研讨会。将邀请上述学术界人士和从业人员参加，并请专题讨论会的发言者为上述《全球保护责任期刊》特刊撰写一篇文章。总的来说，这个博士后奖学金将使我成为一个全职学者，同时带来了急需的重点国家暴力在毒品战争的作用到国际关系。