Survey Cosmology and Astrophysics

宇宙学和天体物理学调查

• 批准号: ST/I001204/1
• 负责人: Robert Nichol
• 金额: $ 125.17万
• 依托单位: University of Portsmouth
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2011 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FI001204%2F1
• 关键词: Survey; Cosmology; Astrophysics

This rolling grant is to support cosmologists and astrophysicists at the Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation (ICG) at the University of Portsmouth. The ICG was formed in 2002 through a strategic investment from the university, and now hosts up to 50 researchers making it one of the largest extragalactic groups in the UK. Cosmology and astrophysics are experiencing a golden age of discovery driven by new advances in technology and theory. However, we still face two fundamental challenges before a more complete model of the Universe can be achieved: i) What are the properties of the 'dark matter' and 'dark energy' that make up 96% of the Universe, and ii) how do galaxies - the 'building blocks' of the Universe - form and evolve? This grant will address both these fundamental problems through the use of new, massive surveys of the sky. For example, we will use a new 520-megapixel camera on the Blanco 4-meter telescope in Chile to digitally image the southern sky. This survey - known as the Dark Energy Survey (DES) - will detect 300 million galaxies thus allowing us to measure the clustering of galaxies to high precision and detect the weak gravitational lensing of distant galaxies due to the foreground dark matter. DES will also discover thousands of distant supernovae (exploding stars) which will determine the expansion of the Universe over 70% of its lifetime. We are the only UK astronomy group involved in the new Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) which will measure the redshift (and thus distance) to over 1.5 million galaxies over half the age of the Universe. BOSS started in 2009 and we will use these data to study the evolution of massive galaxies, especially when compared to the latest theoretical models of galaxies produced exclusively at the ICG, understand the effect of host galaxies on supernova explosions and determine the geometry of the Universe to high precision using the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations. In addition to new optical surveys, we plan to harness the power of the next generation of radio telescopes that are just being built. The first of these is LOFAR, which has base stations spread across Europe forming an effective radio telescope over 600 kilometres in size. We will use LOFAR, in conjunction with new data from the SDSS, to study the effects of supermassive black holes on the evolution of elliptical galaxies. The energetic outflows from these black holes has been proposed as a way of slowing down the growth of such galaxies, making them 'red and dead' today. Also, the LOFAR data can be used to understand dark energy through the 'Integrated Sachs-Wolfe' effect, which is particularly sensitive to the rate of growth of structures in the Universe and thus the strength of gravity on cosmological scales. Therefore, LOFAR will be a powerful tool for testing Einstein's Theory of General Relativity which is fundamental to cosmology. Taken together, we expect to measure the density of dark energy over 70% the age of the Universe. This will tell us if it is just a constant, as first proposed by Einstein, or something more exotic like Quintessence, 'phantom energy' or extra dimensions! This data will also shed light on the properties of dark matter, which we can 'see' via gravity but does not shine like normal matter. We will also obtain a fuller understanding of the characteristics of massive galaxies throughout cosmic time. This will tell us whether the cold dark matter theory provides an adequate description of the formation and evolution of galaxies. In addition to research, the ICG staff are committed to public outreach and have been engaged in a number of visible activities in the media and local community. For example, our staff have visited many local schools to discuss their careers, their research (e.g. Galaxy Zoo), and express the fun of doing research.

这项滚动赠款是为了支持朴次茅斯大学宇宙学与重力研究所（ICG）的宇宙学家和天体物理学家。 ICG是通过大学的一项战略投资成立的，现在最多接待了50名研究人员，使其成为英国最大的婚外恋群体之一。宇宙学和天体物理学正在经历由技术和理论的新进步驱动的发现黄金时代。但是，在实现更完整的宇宙模型之前，我们仍然面临两个基本的挑战：i）占宇宙96％的“暗物质”和“暗能量”的特性是什么，ii）ii）星系如何 - 宇宙的“构建块”形成和进化？这笔赠款将通过使用新的大规模调查来解决这两个基本问题。例如，我们将在智利的Blanco 4米望远镜上使用新的520百万像素摄像头，以数字方式对南方的天空进行图像。这项调查（称为暗能量调查（DES））将检测3亿个星系，从而使我们能够测量星系的聚类，以高精度并检测到由于前景暗物质而引起的遥远星系的弱重力透镜。 DES还将发现数千个遥远的超新星（爆炸恒星），这将确定宇宙在其寿命的70％以上的扩张。我们是唯一参与新的斯隆数字天空调查III（SDSS-III）巴里昂振荡光谱调查（BOSS）的英国天文学组，该调查将在宇宙年龄的一半以上，将红移（从而衡量距离）超过150万个星系。 Boss始于2009年，我们将使用这些数据研究大规模星系的演变，尤其是与仅在ICG上独家生产的星系的最新理论模型相比，了解宿主星系对超新星爆炸的影响，并确定宇宙的几何形状，使用Baryon Acostic振荡来高精度。除了新的光学调查外，我们还计划利用刚刚建造的下一代射电望远镜的力量。其中的第一个是Lofar，该基站遍布欧洲，形成了超过600公里的有效射电望远镜。我们将使用Lofar与SDSS的新数据一起研究超大质量黑洞对椭圆星系进化的影响。这些黑洞的充满活力的流出是作为一种减慢此类星系增长的方式，使它们今天“红和死”。同样，Lofar数据可用于通过“综合的Sachs-Wolfe”效应来理解暗能量，这对宇宙中结构的生长速率特别敏感，因此在宇宙学量表上的重力强度。因此，Lofar将是测试爱因斯坦的一般相对论理论的强大工具，这对宇宙学至关重要。综上所述，我们期望测量超过70％宇宙年龄的暗能量的密度。这将告诉我们这是爱因斯坦首先提出的常数，还是更奇特的东西，例如“幻影能量”或额外的尺寸！这些数据还将阐明暗物质的特性，我们可以通过重力“看到”，但不会像普通物质那样发光。我们还将对整个宇宙时间的大型星系的特征有更深入的了解。这将告诉我们冷暗物质理论是否提供了星系形成和演变的充分描述。除了研究外，ICG员工还致力于公开宣传，并从事媒体和当地社区的许多可见活动。例如，我们的员工访问了许多当地学校，讨论他们的职业，研究（例如Galaxy Zoo），并表达了进行研究的乐趣。

项目成果

Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Cosmological constraints from cluster abundances and weak lensing

暗能量调查第一年结果：星团丰度和弱透镜效应的宇宙学限制

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.102.023509
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Physical Review D
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Abbott T

Dark Energy Survey year 1 results: Cosmological constraints from galaxy clustering and weak lensing

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.98.043526
• 发表时间: 2017-08
• 期刊: Physical Review D
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: T. Abbott;F. Abdalla;A. Alarcon;J. Aleksić;S. Allam;S. Allen;A. Amara;J. Annis;J. Asorey-J.-As

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector Conceptual Design Report

深层地下中微子实验（DUNE）近探测器概念设计报告

• DOI: 10.3390/instruments5040031
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Instruments
• 作者: Manly, Steven;Kordosky, Mike;On behalf of the DUNE Collaboration, null
• 通讯作者: On behalf of the DUNE Collaboration, null

The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO): a white paper

• DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/16/08/p08035
• 发表时间: 2020-10
• 期刊: Journal of Instrumentation
• 影响因子: 1.3
• 作者: Q. Abarr;P. Allison;J. Ammerman Yebra;J. Alvarez-Muñiz;J. Beatty;D. Besson;P. Chen;Y. Chen;C. Xie;J. Clem;A. Connolly;L. Cremonesi;C. Deaconu;J. Flaherty;D. Frikken;P. Gorham;C. Hast;C. Hornhuber;J. Huang;K. Hughes;A. Hynous;Y. Ku;C. Kuo;T. Liu;Z. Martin;C. Miki;J. Nam;R. Nichol;K. Nishimura;A. Novikov;A. Nozdrina;E. Oberla;S. Prohira;R. Prechelt;B. Rauch;J. M. Roberts;A. Romero-Wolf;J. W. Russell;D. Seckel;J. Shiao;D. Smith;D. Southall;G. Varner;A. Vieregg;S. Wang;Y. Wang;S. Wissel;R. Young;E. Zas;A. Zeolla

First results on ProtoDUNE-SP liquid argon time projection chamber performance from a beam test at the CERN Neutrino Platform

• DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/15/12/p12004
• 发表时间: 2020-12-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
• 影响因子: 1.3
• 作者: Abi, B.;Abud, A. Abed;Zwaska, R.
• 通讯作者: Zwaska, R.