Internal Solitary Waves in Ice-Covered Waters

内孤立波（ISW）在稳定分层流体中沿沿着密度界面传播。它们在海洋中无处不在，其性质受到其传播所在的容纳盆地的上、下边界表面的性质和形式的强烈影响。随着北冰洋季节性地向无冰状态发展，ISW场将受到这种变化的影响。ISW动力学和冰之间的关系是重要的理解：（一）在北冰洋的大气环流和热力学，（二）当地的混合过程，提供热量和养分从深度到上层，（三）潮汐能是如何在北冰洋耗散，（四）海冰的弯曲和（五）冰带的形成在边缘冰区。ISW和海冰之间存在明显的相互作用，研究该主题的动机范围很广，但很少有专门的调查。海冰覆盖减少对ISW场的影响（反之亦然）还没有得到很好的确定。更好地了解北冰洋的ISW动态，特别是ISW场如何受到冰盖和层化变化的影响，对于了解快速变化的北极如何适应气候变化至关重要。在这个博士研究项目中，将通过实验室实验研究在不同表面条件下传播的ISW的流体动力学。博士生将在纽卡斯尔大学专门建造的波浪水槽中接受ISW生成、可视化和测量方面的培训。此外，候选人将有机会进行（i）流动的数值模拟（与圣安德鲁斯大学的D G Dritschel教授合作）和/或（ii）在北极的实地工作（与班戈尔大学的Tom Rippeth教授合作）。学生将获得实验流体动力学方面的宝贵技能，包括通过粒子图像测速，微电导率传感器和时间序列分析进行流动可视化和测量。他们还将有机会将他们的培训扩展到数值分析（使用等高线平流和伪谱技术）和实地工作领域;为他们提供广泛的技能和跨学科培训。"

": Internal solitary waves (ISWs) propagate along density interfaces within stably- stratified fluids. They are ubiquitous in the ocean and their properties are influenced strongly by the nature and form of the upper and lower bounding surfaces of the containing basin(s) in which they propagate. As the Arctic Ocean evolves to a seasonally more ice-free state, the ISW field will be affected by the change. The relationship between ISW dynamics and ice is important in understanding(i) the general circulation and thermodynamics in the Arctic Ocean, (ii) local mixing processes that supply heat and nutrients from depth into upper layers, (iii) how tidal energy is dissipated in the Arctic Ocean, (iv) flexure of sea-ice and (v) formation of ice bands in the marginal ice zone. There is clear interplay between ISWs and sea ice and motivation to study the topic is wide ranging yet very few dedicated investigations exist. The effect of diminishing sea ice cover on the ISW field (and vice versa) is not well established. A better understanding of ISW dynamics in the Arctic Ocean and, in particular, how the ISW field is affected by changes in both ice cover and stratification, is central in understanding how the rapidly changing Arctic will adapt to climate change.In this PhD research project, the fluid dynamics of ISWs propagating under varying surface conditions will be studied through laboratory experiments. The PhD student will be trained in the generation, visualisation and measurement of ISWs in a new purpose-built wave flume at Newcastle University. In addition, there will be opportunities for the candidate to undertake (i) numerical simulation of the flow (in collaboration with Prof D G Dritschel, St Andrews University) and/or (ii) field work in the Arctic (in collaboration with Prof Tom Rippeth, Bangor University). The student will gain valuable skills in experimental fluid dynamics including flow visualisation and measurement via Particle Image Velocimetry, micro-conductivity sensors and time series analysis. They will also have the opportunity to broaden their training into areas of numerical analysis (using contour advection and pseudo spectral techniques) and field work; giving them a broad skill set and training across disciplines."