RECIPROCAL RELATIONS BETWEEN POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT

这是一项建议，旨在继续对尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区人口过程（家庭形成和迁移）与环境（土地利用、植物多样性、农业实践和自然资源消耗）之间的相互关系进行独特的微观研究。这项研究已经收集了关于人口和环境的详细微观数据。环境数据的特点是对151个社区的土地利用进行直接观察测量（用卷尺测量），并对这些社区周围300多个地块的植物种类进行详细的手工计数。植物区系和土地利用数据收集了两次，间隔四年（1996年冬季和2000年冬季），地点完全相同。人口数据包括在此期间的四年期间，居住在这151个社区的每个人（包括移民）的出生、死亡、结婚、离婚、迁入、迁出和避孕药具使用情况的月度记录。来自同一社区的其他数据包括随时间变化的环境历史，所有15- 59岁居民的个人历史，以及家庭层面的农业实践和自然资源消耗指标。这些数据为研究人口与环境的关系提供了前所未有的机会。本续文的主要目的是分析现有数据，以解决四个具体问题：1)结婚时间、家庭分裂、生育和移民对土地利用和植物多样性的影响程度如何？2)土地利用和植物多样性对婚姻、家庭分裂、生育和迁移的影响程度如何？3)农业实践和消费模式在多大程度上将人口与环境结果联系起来？4)观察到的人口与环境之间的关系在多大程度上是由社会、经济和制度背景下的外生变化所产生的？我们的第二个目标是及时扩展数据，为理解人口与环境之间的微观关系提供真正特殊的数据资源。我们的第三个目标是系统地应用人种学方法来收集信息，以重新设计我们对人口和环境联系因素的调查措施，并改进我们对这些过程的模型。尽管我们提出的项目的需求是巨大的，但我们已经组建了一个非常丰富的研究团队，包括成功实施这一创新和雄心勃勃的项目所需的每个实质性和方法论领域的领先专家。

This is a proposal to continue a unique micro-level study of the reciprocal relations between population processes (family formation and migration) and environment (land use, flora diversity, agricultural practices, and consumption of natural resources) in the Nepalese Himalayas. This study has already collected detailed micro-level data on both population and environment. The environmental data feature direct observation measurement (with tape measures) of land use in 151 neighborhoods and detailed counts (by hand) of flora species from more than 300 plots surrounding those neighborhoods. Both flora and land use data were collected twice, four years apart (winter 1996 and winter 2000), from exactly the same locations. The population data feature monthly records of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, in-migration, out-migration, and contraceptive use for every individual living in those 151 neighborhoods, including migrants, during the intervening four year period. Additional data from the same neighborhoods include histories of contextual change over time, individual histories for all residents age 15- 59, and household-level measures of agricultural practices and consumption of natural resources. These data provide an unprecedented opportunity to investigate population-environment relationships. The primary aim of the continuation proposed here is to analyze existing data to address four specific questions: 1) To what extent do marriage timing, household fission, childbearing, and migration influence land use and flora diversity? 2) To what extent do land use and flora diversity influence marriage, household fission, childbearing, and migration? 3) To what extent do agricultural practices and consumption patterns link population to environmental outcomes? and 4) To what extent are the observed relationships between population and the environment produced by exogenous changes in the social, economic and institutional context? Our second aim is to extend the data forward in time to provide a truly exceptional data resource for understanding the micro-level relationships between population and environment. Our third aim is to systematically apply ethnographic methods to gather information to redesign our survey measures of the factors linking population and the environment, and to improve our models of these processes. Although the demands of the project we propose are substantial, we have assembled an uncommonly rich team of researchers including leading experts in each substantive and methodological area needed to successfully implement this innovative and ambitious project.