Broad Appeal Strategies, Perceptual Disagreements and the Representativeness of Party Democracy in Europe.

该项目旨在加深了解各政党的支持者如何为各政党的选举战略提供信息，以及这些战略对选民的看法和代表性有何影响。为了实现执政，各政党采取具体的策略，以广泛吸引选民。虽然政党战略的研究集中在政党竞争的问题和他们的历史声誉，很少有研究考虑政党的支持者的目标的差异可能会影响他们实施的战略。我预测，在意识形态上支持更多样化的政党将受益于他们能够对具体问题采取的立场和强调的范围。在追求广泛吸引力的策略时，政党的目标是在意识形态上更接近不同的选民群体。因此，那些能够通过其支持的意识形态多样性采取某些战略的政党，随着时间的推移，反过来也会吸引更多意识形态多样性的支持者。为了检验这些预测的有效性，我将分析政党的竞选宣言，以衡量选举策略的形式。为了更好地理解党内民主对政策的影响以及对政党意识形态诉求多样化的贡献，我将进一步研究党的大会发言。利用调查数据，我将研究政党支持者的意识形态多样性是否限制或使政党能够参与特定的选举策略，以及这些策略在影响选民对政党的看法方面有多有效。由于这项研究对于理解代表性和政策结果至关重要，我还将评估选民对政党立场的感知分歧是否导致了政党民主代表性的下降。

This project seeks to enhance understandings of how parties' supporters inform parties' electoral strategies and what effect these strategies have on voter perceptions and representation. To realise office, parties pursue specific strategies to appeal broadly to the electorate. While studies of party strategy focus on the issues parties compete on and their historical reputations, few studies consider how differences in the goals of parties' supporters might impact the strategies they implement. I predict that parties with a more ideologically diverse support benefit from the scope of positions and emphasis they can afford to specific issues. In pursuing broadly appealing strategies, parties aim to appear ideologically closer to different groups of voters. Consequently, parties that are enabled to adopt certain strategies through the ideological diversity of their support should, in turn, attract more ideologically diverse supporters over time. To test the validity of these predictions, I will analyse parties' manifestos to measure forms of electoral strategy. I will further examine party conference speeches to understand better how intra-party democracy influences policy and contributes to diversifying parties' ideological appeal. Using survey data, I will examine whether the ideological diversity of parties' supporters constrains or enables parties to engage in specific electoral strategies, and how effective these strategies are in influencing voters' perceptions of parties. As this research is critical for understanding representation and policy outcomes, I will also assess whether perceptual disagreements among voters on parties' positions have contributed to a decline in the representativeness of party democracy.