Broad Appeal Strategies, Perceptual Disagreements and the Representativeness of Party Democracy in Europe.

该项目旨在增进对政党支持者如何为政党的选举战略提供信息以及这些战略对选民的看法和代表性有何影响的了解。为了实现执政，各政党采取了具体的战略，以广泛吸引选民。虽然对政党战略的研究集中在政党竞争的问题和他们的历史声誉上，但很少有研究考虑政党支持者的目标差异可能会如何影响他们实施的战略。我预测，拥有更多意识形态支持的政党将受益于他们对具体问题的立场和重视的范围。在追求广泛吸引力的策略时，各政党的目标是在意识形态上更接近不同的选民群体。因此，能够通过其支持的意识形态多样性采取某些战略的政党，随着时间的推移，应反过来吸引更多意识形态多样化的支持者。为了检验这些预测的正确性，我将分析政党的宣言，以衡量选举战略的形式。我将进一步研究党代会的讲话，以更好地了解党内民主如何影响政策，并有助于使政党的意识形态吸引力多样化。利用调查数据，我将研究政党支持者的意识形态多样性是否限制或使政党参与特定的选举策略，以及这些策略在影响选民对政党的看法方面的效果如何。由于这项研究对于理解代表性和政策结果至关重要，我还将评估选民对政党立场的感知分歧是否导致政党民主代表性的下降。

This project seeks to enhance understandings of how parties' supporters inform parties' electoral strategies and what effect these strategies have on voter perceptions and representation. To realise office, parties pursue specific strategies to appeal broadly to the electorate. While studies of party strategy focus on the issues parties compete on and their historical reputations, few studies consider how differences in the goals of parties' supporters might impact the strategies they implement. I predict that parties with a more ideologically diverse support benefit from the scope of positions and emphasis they can afford to specific issues. In pursuing broadly appealing strategies, parties aim to appear ideologically closer to different groups of voters. Consequently, parties that are enabled to adopt certain strategies through the ideological diversity of their support should, in turn, attract more ideologically diverse supporters over time. To test the validity of these predictions, I will analyse parties' manifestos to measure forms of electoral strategy. I will further examine party conference speeches to understand better how intra-party democracy influences policy and contributes to diversifying parties' ideological appeal. Using survey data, I will examine whether the ideological diversity of parties' supporters constrains or enables parties to engage in specific electoral strategies, and how effective these strategies are in influencing voters' perceptions of parties. As this research is critical for understanding representation and policy outcomes, I will also assess whether perceptual disagreements among voters on parties' positions have contributed to a decline in the representativeness of party democracy.