RECIPROCAL RELATIONS BETWEEN POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT

这是一项关于尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区人口过程(家庭形成和迁徙)与环境(土地利用、植物多样性、农业实践和自然资源消耗)之间相互关系的独特微观研究。这项研究已经收集了详细的微观层面的人口和环境数据。环境数据包括对151个社区的土地利用进行直接观察测量(用卷尺测量)，以及(手工)对这些社区周围300多块地块的植物物种进行详细统计。植物区系和土地利用数据都从完全相同的地点收集了两次，相隔四年(1996年冬和2000年冬)。人口数据的特点是，在这四年期间，居住在这151个社区的每个人，包括移民，每月都有出生、死亡、结婚、离婚、迁入、迁出和避孕用具的记录。来自同一社区的其他数据包括随着时间的推移背景变化的历史，所有15-59岁居民的个人历史，以及家庭层面的农业做法和自然资源消耗的衡量标准。这些数据为研究人口与环境的关系提供了前所未有的机会。这里提议继续的主要目的是分析现有数据以解决四个具体问题：1)结婚时机、家庭分裂、生育和移民在多大程度上影响土地利用和植物多样性？2)土地利用和植物多样性在多大程度上影响婚姻、家庭分裂、生育和移民？3)农业做法和消费模式在多大程度上将人口与环境结果联系起来？以及4)所观察到的人口与环境之间的关系在多大程度上是由社会、经济和制度背景中的外生变化产生的？我们的第二个目标是及时扩展数据，为理解人口与环境之间的微观关系提供真正特殊的数据资源。我们的第三个目标是系统地应用人种学方法来收集信息，以重新设计我们对人口和环境联系因素的调查措施，并改进我们的这些过程的模型。尽管我们提出的项目的需求是巨大的，但我们已经组建了一支异常丰富的研究团队，其中包括成功实施这一创新和雄心勃勃的项目所需的每个实质性和方法学领域的顶尖专家。

This is a proposal to continue a unique micro-level study of the reciprocal relations between population processes (family formation and migration) and environment (land use, flora diversity, agricultural practices, and consumption of natural resources) in the Nepalese Himalayas. This study has already collected detailed micro-level data on both population and environment. The environmental data feature direct observation measurement (with tape measures) of land use in 151 neighborhoods and detailed counts (by hand) of flora species from more than 300 plots surrounding those neighborhoods. Both flora and land use data were collected twice, four years apart (winter 1996 and winter 2000), from exactly the same locations. The population data feature monthly records of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, in-migration, out-migration, and contraceptive use for every individual living in those 151 neighborhoods, including migrants, during the intervening four year period. Additional data from the same neighborhoods include histories of contextual change over time, individual histories for all residents age 15- 59, and household-level measures of agricultural practices and consumption of natural resources. These data provide an unprecedented opportunity to investigate population-environment relationships. The primary aim of the continuation proposed here is to analyze existing data to address four specific questions: 1) To what extent do marriage timing, household fission, childbearing, and migration influence land use and flora diversity? 2) To what extent do land use and flora diversity influence marriage, household fission, childbearing, and migration? 3) To what extent do agricultural practices and consumption patterns link population to environmental outcomes? and 4) To what extent are the observed relationships between population and the environment produced by exogenous changes in the social, economic and institutional context? Our second aim is to extend the data forward in time to provide a truly exceptional data resource for understanding the micro-level relationships between population and environment. Our third aim is to systematically apply ethnographic methods to gather information to redesign our survey measures of the factors linking population and the environment, and to improve our models of these processes. Although the demands of the project we propose are substantial, we have assembled an uncommonly rich team of researchers including leading experts in each substantive and methodological area needed to successfully implement this innovative and ambitious project.