Greek bilingualism in ancient Judaea-Palaestina

双语现象一直是语言学研究的一个重要课题，对于以多语言为核心的古地中海地区的研究更是占有重要的地位。亚当斯的800页双语和拉丁语（2003年）为古代语言接触的工作设定了一个新的基准。亚当斯使用当前的语言学方法研究了大量的现象，并对以前未被充分研究的证据类型给予了更多的关注。没有与亚当斯对希腊语的研究相当的研究，博士论文也不能产生这种结果。然而，他的原则可以被有益地应用到一个特定的领域。古犹太-巴勒斯坦，其中希腊是目前从时代的亚历山大，是完美的候选人。我们在该地区找到了大量幸存下来的证据，可以证明四种主要语言--阿拉姆语、希腊语、希伯来语和拉丁语--之间的相互作用方式非常复杂。我们确实有幸拥有来自该地区的大量希腊文本，包括文学和非文学文本。《新约》和《约瑟夫斯》受到了广泛关注，但也有一些类似的铭文文本，如《巴鲁克传》3，而即将完成的《Iudaeae Palaestinae铭文大全》（2010年-）为亚历山大和穆罕默德之间的所有地区铭文提供了至关重要的新途径-其中大部分是希腊语。我们最近也在犹太沙漠中发现了大量的私人文献。虽然过去曾对犹太-巴勒斯坦的语言状况进行过研究，但没有根据现代社会语言学原则对希腊双语现象进行全面的研究。此外，两个单独的问题导致讨论停滞不前。首先，是新约圣经的作者产生了最近的大部分学术研究。然而，他们主要集中在加利利使用希腊语的简单程度上，以回答耶稣是否说希腊语。但是，所有的犹太-巴勒斯坦都值得研究，我们也不应该仅仅停留在“谁说希腊语？”第二个障碍是“犹太希腊人”的存在问题。霍斯利1989年的文章认为这是一个“虚构”已有效地被视为最后一句话的主题。他注意到，虽然有一些证据表明，犹太人的语言具有所有的语音特征，但这还不足以构成一种“自己的方言”。此外，有相似之处，在generalKoine为许多所谓的'犹太人的功能'，特别是发现七十。虽然确实有些人夸大了犹太语言的独特性，但我们是否想谈论一种“单独的方言”-一个定义不清的概念-并不重要，也不武断。不幸的是，这阻碍了对犹太人希腊语的研究，而犹太人在基督教诞生前的犹太-巴勒斯坦地区占了大多数。那么，在古代犹太-巴勒斯坦地区，谁说希腊语？对谁说？如何学的？他们对希腊语有什么看法？不同类型的学者--古典学者、新约学者、犹太学者和语言学家--对这些问题都很感兴趣，而且有大量的材料可以进行与现代语言学原则相一致的研究。

Bilingualism has always been a key topic in linguistics, and it has an important place for the study ofthe ancient Mediterranean, which was multilingual to the core. Adams' 800-page Bilingualism andthe Latin Language (2003) set a new benchmark for work on ancient language contact. Adamsexamined an immense range of phenomena using current linguistic methodology and giving moreattention to previously underexamined types of evidence.There is no equivalent to Adams' work for Greek, nor can a PhD thesis produce this. However, hisprinciples could be applied profitably to a specific area. Ancient Judaea-Palaestina, in which Greekwas present from the times of Alexander, is the perfect candidate. We have copious survivingevidence from the region for the perceptibly complex ways in which four main languages - Aramaic,Greek, Hebrew and Latin - interacted.We are, indeed, blessed with the number of Greek texts, literary and non-literary, that we have fromthe region. The New Testament and Josephus have received much attention, but there are alsopseudepigraphical texts such as 3 Baruch, while the Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae Palaestinae (2010-), nearing completion, provides crucial new access to all the region's inscriptions between Alexanderand Mohammed - the majority of which are in Greek. We have found recently, too, numerousprivate documents in the Judaean desert.Although the linguistic situation of Judaea-Palaestina has been examined in the past, there is nocomprehensive study of Greek bilingualism following modern sociolinguistic principles. In addition,two separate issues have caused the discussion to stagnate. Firstly, it is New Testament scholarswho have produced most of the recent scholarship. However, they focus primarily on the simpleextent of the use of Greek in Galilee to answer whether Jesus spoke Greek. But all of JudaeaPalaestina is worth studying, and we should also not stop at just 'who spoke Greek?'.The second hindrance is the question of the existence of a 'Jewish Greek'. Horsley's 1989 articlecontending that this is a 'fiction' has effectively been treated as the last word on the topic. He notesthat while there is some evidence for above all phonological characteristics of the speech of Jews,this is not enough for it to constitute a 'dialect of its own'. In addition, there are parallels in generalKoine for many of the alleged 'Jewish features' found in especially the Septuagint. Though it is truethat some have exaggerated the distinctiveness of Jewish speech, whether we want to speak of a'separate dialect' - an ill-defined concept - or not is unimportant and arbitrary. It is unfortunate thatthis has stifled research on the Greek of Jews, who constituted the majority in pre-Christian JudaeaPalaestina.Who, then, spoke Greek in ancient Judaea-Palaestina; to whom; how; how learnt; and what they didthink about it? These questions are of great interest for scholars of different types - classicists, NewTestament scholars, Jewish scholars, and linguists - and there is an abundance of material on whichresearch in tune with modern linguistic principles can be carried out.