Diet and Health

理解贫富差距在今天具有特别的意义，虽然现代临床发展在上个世纪改善了英国（和世界）人口的健康，但社会经济地位仍然是健康的一个重要决定因素。这在社会中最年轻的成员身上表现得最为明显，他们的健康状况最能反映这些社会不平等，生命的头1000天为成年后的疾病模式奠定了基础，这些疾病可以在几代人之间产生共鸣。良好的健康基础的关键是儿童的喂养方式。产妇健康和婴儿喂养在富人和穷人之间的差异从未像18世纪那样明显。历史资料记载了富人放弃母乳而选择更时髦的配方奶，以及新兴工业工厂的职业母亲早早断奶和奶瓶喂养。但这种趋势有多普遍呢？这些文化变迁的全面程度及其对健康的影响的直接证据只能通过对妇女和儿童骨骼遗骸本身的分析来获得。在过去人群中母婴健康理论方法的最新进展，或母婴关系9,10，突出了理解多种相互关联因素的重要性。为了解决社会经济地位、文化喂养方式、母亲饮食、婴儿喂养和健康之间的相互作用，我将提出以下问题：产前母亲的饮食是否影响胎儿的健康？在近代早期的英格兰，放弃母乳喂养有多重要？在古病理记录和牙列的同位素特征中，是否可以看到不同文化的婴儿喂养方式？这些模式是否反映了母亲及其子女社会经济地位的广泛差异？确定子宫内压力仍然充满并发症，并且很难确定将社会经济地位与子宫内饮食和健康联系起来的证据。尽管如此，新的古病理学方法提供了机会，找到直接证据联系不良的母亲饮食和胎儿健康。这些方法在早期现代英国背景下的应用将使我们能够更好地理解社会经济地位与母婴饮食和健康之间的关系，弥合历史文献和生物考古证据之间的差距。研究样本将包括育龄妇女（25-35岁）的骨骼，以及断奶前后（0-3岁）的幼儿。两个早期的现代墓地被选中：萨里郡的圣约翰红山（n=168）和伦敦的圣詹姆斯（n=800），这两个墓地都在公元1750年到1900年之间使用（雷诺，pers.com）。将选择埋葬在墓地不同区域的地位低和地位高的人。一小部分个体（n=40）将被取样用于稳定同位素分析。牙釉质缺损除了愈合和活动的眶膜，维生素D缺乏症（佝偻病和骨软化症）和维生素C缺乏症（坏血病）将根据宏观和放射学标准从古病理学文献诊断。将对患有佝偻病和坏血病的胎儿和会阴（26-46周）以及乳牙上门牙牙釉质缺损的儿童进行宫内饮食应激评估。

Understanding the gulf between rich and poor has particular relevance today, and while modern clinical developments have improved the health of the British (and world) population over the last century 1, socioeconomic status is still a strong determinant of health 2. This is most evident in a society's youngest members whose health best reflects these social inequalities, with the first 1000 days of life setting the scene for adult patterns of disease that can resonate through generations. Key to a good foundation in health is the way children are fed. Differences in maternal health and infant feeding between the rich and poor have never been more stark than in the eighteenth century. Historical sources document the abandonment of breastmilk for more fashionable formulas by the rich, and early weaning and bottle feeding for working mothers in new industrial factories. But how ubiquitous was this trend? Direct evidence for the full extent of these cultural transitions and its impact on health is only available through the analysis of the skeletal remains of women and children themselves. Recent advances in the theoretical approach to maternal and infant health in past populations, or the mother-infant nexus 9,10 have highlighted the importance of understanding multiple interrelated factors. To address the interplay between socioeconomic status, cultural feeding practices, maternal diet, infant feeding, and health I will ask the following:Did the prenatal maternal diet affect the health of the fetus? How significant was the abandonment of breastfeeding in early modern England?Are different cultural infant feeding practices visible in the palaeopathological record and through isotopic signatures in the dentition? Do these patterns reflect broad variation in socioeconomic status of mothers and their children?Identifying in-utero stress is still fraught with complications and evidence linking socioeconomic status with diet and health in utero is difficult to determine. Despite this, new palaeopathological approaches provide the opportunity to find direct evidence linking poor maternal diet and fetal health. The application of these methods in early modern British contexts will allow us to better comprehend the relationship between socioeconomic status and maternal-foetal diet and health, bridging the gap in the historical literature and bioarchaeological evidence.The study sample will comprise skeletons of reproductive age women (25-35 years), and young children of pre and post weaning age (0-3 years). Two early modern cemeteries have been selected: St John's Redhill, in Surrey (n=168) and St. James, London (n=800) both cemeteries were in use between AD 1750 and 1900 35 (Raynor, pers.comm.). Low and high-status individuals buried in different areas of the cemetery will be selected. A smaller subset of individuals (n=40) will be sampled for stable isotope analysis.Enamel defects in addition to healed and active cases of cribra orbitalia, vitamin D deficiency (rickets and osteomalacia) and vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) will be diagnosed following macroscopic and radiographic standards from the palaeopathological literature. In-utero dietary stress will be assessed in fetuses and perinates (26-46 weeks) with rickets and scurvy and children with enamel defects on the deciduous maxillary incisors.