Multimodal analysis of the construction of sexual violence narratives on YouTube

上下文#MeToo运动将分享性暴力的叙事转变为社交媒体上的一种女权主义激进主义。关于#MeToo的现有文献主要集中在Twitter上，对YouTube的学术关注有限，尽管YouTube提供了此类叙事的交流中心(Almanssori&Stanley，2021)。性虐待通常与幸存者与自己的关系改变、与身体脱节、失去信任或分离有关(Herman，2015)。此外，Almanssori&Stanley(2021)和Gay(2018)发现，由于相互冲突的内化意识形态，受害者在如何看待自己的性暴力经历方面存在冲突。因此，能够在YouTube上访问更长形式的视频以及与视频相关的多模式元素，可以深入了解受害者的经历以及他们如何看待自己和周围环境。这个项目分析性暴力叙事，作为个人治愈和社会重要性的人工制品，在一个既有社区支持又有匿名巨魔的平台上(Colliver&Coyle，2020)。该项目通过解开视频和叙事的多个方面，包括多模式，对视频和叙事进行全面和全面的分析。它的目标是探索和理解性暴力叙述，以增加对摧毁强奸文化的讨论(Van Dijk，2001)。研究问题在该项目更广泛的目标下，我将寻求回答以下问题：1)意识形态是如何被复制或拒绝的？2)叙事在语言和视觉上是如何构建的？3)受害者或视频出版商如何适应或不适应他们的观众？方法论将从女权主义批评话语分析的角度和多模式的角度分析视频语料库。Lazar(2007)将女权主义话语分析解释为理解“性别意识形态和性别化的权力关系是如何(重新)产生、谈判和竞争的”(第150页)。Van Dijk(2001)声称，批评性话语分析者采取明确的立场，因此希望理解、揭露并最终抵制社会不平等(第352页)，这是本研究目的的核心。这一立场与Lazar(2007)FCDA范式的核心一起，导致分析专门围绕性暴力话语中与性别有关的问题。比FCDA理论框架更广泛的是，该项目将借鉴Fairclough(2013)的方言关系方法(DRA)框架。至关重要的是，这一框架依赖于对话语因素和社会因素的分析。这种社会行动的纳入自然是跨学科的，能够分析作为文物的视频的管理，以及流通的社会意识形态的影响。在法医语言学领域，多通道分析的存在是重要的，特别是在性暴力案件中，因为多通道元素在性侵犯的社会法律组织中锻造身份、协调认知立场和分配责任(Coulthard&Johnson，2010，第542页)。我将探索受害者用来再现意识形态、创造身份和与受众互动的词汇选择、副语言特征和多通道特征。意义量化分析表明，与性别有关的主题的视频增加了年轻人对预防性暴力的知识(Maryanah，Masitoh和Dzikar，2022)；因此，了解YouTube上的性暴力叙事是如何以多模式构建的，可以用于为学校、治疗环境或执法环境提供关于预防性暴力的资源，并强调多模式分析在性暴力研究中的理论重要性。

ContextThe #MeToo Movement has transformed sharing sexual violence narratives into a form of feminist activism on social media. Existing literature on #MeToo primarily focuses on Twitter, paying limited scholarly attention to YouTube, despite it offering as a hub for the communication of such narratives (Almanssori & Stanley, 2021). Sexual abuse is often linked to an altered relationship with the survivor's self, disconnection from their bodies, loss of trust, or dissociation (Herman, 2015). Additionally, Almanssori & Stanley (2021) and Gay (2018) found that victims were conflicted about how they perceived their experience of sexual violence due to conflicting internalised ideologies. Therefore, having access to longer form of videos on YouTube and multimodal elements associated with the videos allows for a deep insight into the victims' experiences and how they view themselves and their surrounding environment. This project analyses sexual violence narratives as an artefact of personal healing and social importance on a platform that is host to both community support and anonymous trolling (Colliver & Coyle, 2020). This project has the scope for a thorough and holistic analysis of the videos and narratives by unpacking multiple facets of the videos and narratives, including multimodality. It has goals of exploring and understanding sexual violence narratives to add to a discussion of dismantling rape culture (Van Dijk, 2001). Research QuestionsUnder the broader goals of the project, I will seek to answer the following questions:1) How are ideologies reproduced or rejected?2) How are the narratives structured linguistically and visually?3) How do the victims or video publishers accommodate, or not, towards their audience?MethodologyThe corpus of videos will be analysed from a feminist critical discourse analysis perspective and a multimodal perspective. Lazar (2007) explains feminist discourse analysis as understanding 'how gender ideology and gendered relations of power get (re)produced, negotiated, and contested' (p. 150). Van Dijk (2001) claimed that 'critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose, and ultimately resist social inequality' (p. 352), which is central to the aims of this research. This stance alongside the core of Lazar's (2007) FCDA paradigm, results in the analysis revolving specifically around the gender-related issues in sexual violence discourse. More broadly than the FCDA theoretical framework, the project shall draw from Fairclough's (2013) dialectal relational approach (DRA) framework. Crucially, this framework relies on the analysis of both discursive elements as well as social elements. This incorporation of social actions is naturally transdisciplinary in nature, enabling analysis of the curation of the videos as artefacts, and the impact of social ideologies that circulate. Within the field of forensic linguistics, the presence of multimodal analysis is important, especially in cases of sexual violence, as multimodal elements 'forge identity, orchestrate epistemic stance and distribute responsibility in the sociolegal organization of sexual assault' (Coulthard & Johnson, 2010, p. 542).I shall explore the lexical choices, paralinguistic features, and multimodal features that the victim employs to reproduce ideologies, create identities, and interact with an audience. ImplicationsQuantitative analysis has demonstrated that videos on gender-related topics increase young people's knowledge of sexual violence prevention (Maryanah, Masitoh, & Dzikar, 2022); therefore, understanding how sexual violence narratives on YouTube have been constructed multimodally can be used to inform resources on sexual violence prevention for schools, therapeutic settings, or law enforcement settings, as well as highlighting the theoretical importance of multimodal analysis in sexual violence research.