The Naturalistic Self in the Second Century AD: Galen and Stoicism

公元二世纪的自然主义自我：盖伦与斯多葛主义

• 批准号: AH/E502334/1
• 负责人: Christopher Gill
• 金额: $ 3.8万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2007 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FE502334%2F1
• 关键词: Naturalistic; Self; Second; Century; AD

The aim of the research project is to complete a substantial book, The Naturalistic Self in the Second Century AD: Galen and Stoicism.This book sets out to examine conceptions of personality in Greek and Roman culture of the Second Century AD, focusing on the relationship between Galen and Stoicism. Galen was the most famous doctor of the age who, to an unusual degree, combined the roles of doctor and philosopher, writing on physiology, anatomy, psychology and logic as well as on techniques of medicine. Stoicism was developed originally in the Third Century BC; but it was still an important philosophical movement in Galen's day, and inspired the Meditations of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, for whom Galen served as doctor.Galen's most important treatise on psychology, On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, centres on a critique of Stoic thought about the location of (in modern terms) the mind and on the relationship between reason and passion. The book sets out to analyse and explain Galen's hostile reaction to Stoic psychology by reference to more general features of Galenic and Stoic thought and of ancient ideas about psychology. It aims to explain why Galen is so critical of Stoic thought on psychology, although both Galen and Stoicism share a 'naturalistic' approach, in which psychology is seen as a function of humans as embodied animals. (There is a sharp contrast with the mind-body dualism found in Plato and in Platonic philosophy of the first and second centuries.) Galen's hostility is explained especially by reference to the contrast between the radically unified or holistic character of Stoic thought and Galen's more part-based patterns of thought.The relationship between Galen and Stoicism also illustrates two different ways of thinking about therapy and the mind­ body relationship (and also the reason-passion relationship). Galen shares the conventional view of his age that medical therapy is directed towards the body and philosophy is an appropriate therapy for the mind, by curing disturbing passions. This book suggests that the Stoics adopt a more innovative conception of philosophical therapy. Though rational or cognitive in approach, Stoic therapy is directed at the person as a psychophysical and psychological whole and assumes a complex interplay between mind and body, reason and emotion. Marcus' Meditations are taken as one, rather individual, expression of this holistic approach to psychology and therapy.The scholarly context for this research project is recent intense scholarly work on 'post-Hellenistic' philosophy (Greek and Roman philosophy from 100 BC to 200 AD) and on Galen. This book contributes to this scholarly activity by exploring links and contrasts between Galen's thought and that of a major philosophical movement in his age, and by studying the reception of earlier ideas by both Galen and the Stoics. The book also builds on the recent growth of scholarship on ancient ideas of personality and self (a topic on which the author has specialised in previous books) by extending work on this area to medical and philosophical thought of the second century AD.A potential benefit of this research project is that it can illuminate medical and philosophical thought about personality in a period of highly developed intellectual culture that is not as fully studied as earlier periods of antiquity. The project provides a number of new concepts or themes (including the idea of a 'naturalistic' approach to psychology and the contrast between 'holistic' and 'part-based' ways of thought) for analysing ancient medical and philosophical approaches to psychology. Another feature is the exploration of links between ideas about psychology/physiology and ancient ideas about therapy in medicine and philosophy. This exploration provides the basis for a new approach to the question of the relationship between ancient and modern thought about personality.

本研究计划的目的是完成一本内容丰富的著作《公元二世纪的自然主义自我：盖伦与斯多葛主义》。这本书旨在探讨公元二世纪希腊和罗马文化中的人格概念，重点是盖伦与斯多葛主义之间的关系。加伦是当时最著名的医生，他以一种不同寻常的程度将医生和哲学家的角色结合起来，在生理学、解剖学、心理学和逻辑学以及医学技术方面都有着著作。斯多葛学派最初发展于公元前世纪;但在加伦的时代，它仍然是一个重要的哲学运动，并启发了加伦担任医生的马可·奥勒留皇帝的沉思录。加伦最重要的心理学论文《论希波克拉底和柏拉图的学说》，中心是对斯多葛思想的批判，关于（用现代术语）心灵的位置以及理性和激情之间的关系。这本书开始分析和解释盖伦的敌意反应斯多葛心理学的参考更一般的特点盖伦和斯多葛思想和古代思想的心理学。它的目的是解释为什么盖伦是如此批评斯多葛学派的心理学思想，尽管盖伦和斯多葛学派都有一个“自然主义”的方法，其中心理学被视为人类作为具身动物的功能。（这与柏拉图以及1世纪和2世纪柏拉图哲学中的身心二元论形成了鲜明的对比。）加伦的敌意主要是因为斯多葛学派的思想具有根本统一或整体性的特征，而加伦的思想模式更多地是基于部分的。加伦和斯多葛学派之间的关系也说明了两种不同的思维方式，关于治疗和身心关系（以及理性与激情的关系）。盖伦赞同他那个时代的传统观点，即医学治疗是针对身体的，哲学是通过治愈令人不安的激情来治疗心灵的适当疗法。这本书表明，斯多葛学派采用了一种更具创新性的哲学治疗概念。虽然理性或认知的方法，斯多葛疗法是针对人作为一个心理物理和心理的整体，并假设一个复杂的相互作用之间的心灵和身体，理性和情感。马库斯的《沉思录》被认为是心理学和治疗的整体方法的一种，而不是个人的表达。这个研究项目的学术背景是最近关于“后希腊化”哲学（公元前100年至公元200年的希腊和罗马哲学）和盖伦的密集学术工作。这本书有助于探索盖伦的思想和他那个时代的一个主要哲学运动之间的联系和对比，并通过研究盖伦和斯多葛学派接受早期思想的学术活动。这本书还建立在最近增长的学术研究的古代思想的个性和自我（作者在以前的书中专门研究过这个话题）这项研究项目的一个潜在好处是，它可以阐明在一个高度发达的知识文化时期，作为古代早期的研究。该项目提供了一些新的概念或主题（包括心理学的“自然主义”方法的想法以及“整体”和“基于部分”的思维方式之间的对比），用于分析心理学的古代医学和哲学方法。另一个特点是探索心理学/生理学思想与古代医学和哲学治疗思想之间的联系。这一探索为我们重新探讨古代人格思想与现代人格思想的关系问题提供了基础。

项目成果

Naturalistic Psychology in Galen and Stoicism

盖伦和斯多葛主义的自然主义心理学

• 发表时间: 2010
• 作者: Gill