The Naturalistic Self in the Second Century AD: Galen and Stoicism

公元二世纪的自然主义自我：盖伦与斯多葛主义

• 批准号: AH/E502334/1
• 负责人: Christopher Gill
• 金额: $ 3.8万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2007 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FE502334%2F1
• 关键词: Naturalistic; Self; Second; Century; AD

The aim of the research project is to complete a substantial book, The Naturalistic Self in the Second Century AD: Galen and Stoicism.This book sets out to examine conceptions of personality in Greek and Roman culture of the Second Century AD, focusing on the relationship between Galen and Stoicism. Galen was the most famous doctor of the age who, to an unusual degree, combined the roles of doctor and philosopher, writing on physiology, anatomy, psychology and logic as well as on techniques of medicine. Stoicism was developed originally in the Third Century BC; but it was still an important philosophical movement in Galen's day, and inspired the Meditations of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, for whom Galen served as doctor.Galen's most important treatise on psychology, On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, centres on a critique of Stoic thought about the location of (in modern terms) the mind and on the relationship between reason and passion. The book sets out to analyse and explain Galen's hostile reaction to Stoic psychology by reference to more general features of Galenic and Stoic thought and of ancient ideas about psychology. It aims to explain why Galen is so critical of Stoic thought on psychology, although both Galen and Stoicism share a 'naturalistic' approach, in which psychology is seen as a function of humans as embodied animals. (There is a sharp contrast with the mind-body dualism found in Plato and in Platonic philosophy of the first and second centuries.) Galen's hostility is explained especially by reference to the contrast between the radically unified or holistic character of Stoic thought and Galen's more part-based patterns of thought.The relationship between Galen and Stoicism also illustrates two different ways of thinking about therapy and the mind­ body relationship (and also the reason-passion relationship). Galen shares the conventional view of his age that medical therapy is directed towards the body and philosophy is an appropriate therapy for the mind, by curing disturbing passions. This book suggests that the Stoics adopt a more innovative conception of philosophical therapy. Though rational or cognitive in approach, Stoic therapy is directed at the person as a psychophysical and psychological whole and assumes a complex interplay between mind and body, reason and emotion. Marcus' Meditations are taken as one, rather individual, expression of this holistic approach to psychology and therapy.The scholarly context for this research project is recent intense scholarly work on 'post-Hellenistic' philosophy (Greek and Roman philosophy from 100 BC to 200 AD) and on Galen. This book contributes to this scholarly activity by exploring links and contrasts between Galen's thought and that of a major philosophical movement in his age, and by studying the reception of earlier ideas by both Galen and the Stoics. The book also builds on the recent growth of scholarship on ancient ideas of personality and self (a topic on which the author has specialised in previous books) by extending work on this area to medical and philosophical thought of the second century AD.A potential benefit of this research project is that it can illuminate medical and philosophical thought about personality in a period of highly developed intellectual culture that is not as fully studied as earlier periods of antiquity. The project provides a number of new concepts or themes (including the idea of a 'naturalistic' approach to psychology and the contrast between 'holistic' and 'part-based' ways of thought) for analysing ancient medical and philosophical approaches to psychology. Another feature is the exploration of links between ideas about psychology/physiology and ancient ideas about therapy in medicine and philosophy. This exploration provides the basis for a new approach to the question of the relationship between ancient and modern thought about personality.

该研究项目的目的是完成一本实质性的书，《公元二世纪的自然主义自我：盖伦和斯多葛主义》。这本书旨在研究公元二世纪希腊和罗马文化中的人格概念，重点关注盖伦和斯多葛主义之间的关系。盖伦是那个时代最著名的医生，他在不同寻常的程度上结合了医生和哲学家的角色，撰写了生理学、解剖学、心理学、逻辑学以及医学技术方面的著作。斯多葛主义最初发展于公元前三世纪。但这在盖伦时代仍然是一场重要的哲学运动，并启发了马库斯·奥勒留皇帝的《沉思录》，盖伦曾担任他的医生。盖伦最重要的心理学论文《论希波克拉底和柏拉图的学说》集中批评了斯多葛派思想，即关于心灵的位置以及理性与激情之间的关系。该书旨在通过参考盖伦和斯多葛思想以及古代心理学思想的更一般特征来分析和解释盖伦对斯多葛心理学的敌意反应。它旨在解释为什么盖伦对斯多葛主义的心理学思想如此批评，尽管盖伦和斯多葛主义都采用“自然主义”方法，即心理学被视为人类作为具体动物的功能。 （这与柏拉图以及第一和第二世纪的柏拉图哲学中的心身二元论形成了鲜明的对比。）盖伦的敌意尤其是通过斯多葛思想的根本统一或整体特征与盖伦更多基于部分的思维模式之间的对比来解释。盖伦和斯多葛主义之间的关系也说明了关于治疗和心身关系（以及理性与激情关系）的两种不同的思考方式。盖伦认同他那个时代的传统观点，即医学治疗针对的是身体，而哲学是通过治愈令人不安的激情而对心灵进行适当的治疗。这本书建议斯多葛学派采用更具创新性的哲学治疗概念。虽然方法是理性的或认知的，但斯多葛派疗法针对的是人作为一个心理物理和心理整体，并假设心灵与身体、理性与情感之间存在着复杂的相互作用。马库斯的《沉思录》被视为这种心理学和治疗整体方法的一种而非个人的表达。该研究项目的学术背景是最近关于“后希腊化”哲学（公元前 100 年至公元 200 年的希腊和罗马哲学）和盖伦的密集学术工作。本书通过探索盖伦的思想与他那个时代的一个主要哲学运动的思想之间的联系和对比，并通过研究盖伦和斯多葛学派对早期思想的接受，为这一学术活动做出了贡献。本书还建立在古代人格和自我观念（作者在以前的书籍中专门讨论的主题）方面学术研究的最新发展的基础上，将这一领域的工作扩展到公元二世纪的医学和哲学思想。这个研究项目的一个潜在好处是，它可以阐明在一个高度发达的知识文化时期关于人格的医学和哲学思想，而这个时期的研究并不像早期的古代时期那样充分。该项目提供了许多新的概念或主题（包括“自然主义”心理学方法的思想以及“整体”和“基于部分”的思维方式之间的对比）来分析古代医学和哲学心理学方法。另一个特点是探索心理学/生理学思想与古代医学和哲学治疗思想之间的联系。这一探索为解决古今人格思想之间的关系问题提供了新的基础。

项目成果

Naturalistic Psychology in Galen and Stoicism

盖伦和斯多葛主义的自然主义心理学

• 发表时间: 2010
• 作者: Gill