Child and Family Development in the First Two Decades of

国家儿童健康和人类发展研究所比较行为学实验室的儿童和家庭研究科(CFRS)调查在人类生命的头20年里对人类身体、心理、情感和社会发展做出贡献的性格、经验和环境因素。该研究的目标是描述、分析和评估(A)发育中儿童的能力和倾向，包括他们的生理功能、知觉和认知能力、情感和社交成长以及互动方式；(B)家庭和社会世界内互动对儿童和父母的性质和后果；以及(C)儿童暴露在自然和设计的环境中并与之互动对发展的影响。研究主题涉及心理结构、结构、功能和过程的起源、现状和发展；儿童特征和活动对父母的影响；不同社会人口和文化群体在育儿和家庭中的差异的意义。实验室和家庭研究采用了各种方法，包括纵向和横向设计的心理生理记录、实验技术、行为观察、标准化评估、评定量表、访谈和人口统计/普查记录。正在调查的社会人口学比较包括，例如，家庭社会地位、产妇年龄和就业状况，以及儿童平等和日托经验。文化研究地点包括阿根廷、比利时、巴西、喀麦隆、加拿大、智利、英国、法国、以色列、意大利、日本、肯尼亚、秘鲁、大韩民国以及美国；在所有地方，都会进行文化内和跨文化比较。设立儿童和家庭研究科的广泛目的是调查人类成长条件的变化对人类发展的影响。 CFRS还在神经科学和行为儿科学方面开展了广泛的研究计划，调查儿童发展、生物学和健康方面的问题。童年是一个脆弱的时期(在事故中，在冒险中)，因为它是养成习惯和做出决定(营养，锻炼)的基础，以达到寿命的平衡。这项研究包括几个方面，包括胎儿生长发育及其对出生后表现的预测有效性，心脏功能在心理发展中的作用，早产后的发育后遗症，耳聋对儿童发展和家庭生活的影响，婴儿时期癌症和手术的发展后果，儿童应对应激医疗干预策略的知识、实施和评估，以及母亲抑郁对儿童发展和育儿的影响。 为了满足这一多方面的指控，CFRS进行了三个综合的多年龄、多变量、多文化研究计划，并辅之以各种辅助调查。这些研究项目代表了一个整体的努力。第一个项目是一项前瞻性的纵向研究，旨在通过主要的社会人口学比较来探索儿童发展的多个方面。第二个方案扩大了第一个方案的视野，将文化对发展的影响包含在相同的基本纵向框架内。第三个项目是基础研究在神经科学和行为儿科学领域的应用延伸。这些研究计划的最终目标直接关系到促进有意识、健康和有动力的儿童，他们作为一个有希望的最终目标，将成长为知识丰富、健康和快乐的成年人。

The Child and Family Research Section (CFRS) in the Laboratory of Comparative Ethology in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development investigates dispositional, experiential, and environmental factors that contribute to physical, mental, emotional, and social development in human beings during the first two decades of life. The research goals of the CFRS are to describe, analyze, and assess (a) the capabilities and proclivities of developing children, including their physiological functioning, perceptual and cognitive abilities, emotional and social growth, and interactional styles; (b) the nature and consequences of interactions within the family and the social world for children and parents; and (c) influences on development of children's exposure to and interactions with the natural and designed environments. Research topics concern the origins, status, and development of psychological constructs, structures, functions, and processes in the first two decades of life; effects of child characteristics and activities on parents; and the meaning of variations in parenting and in the family across different sociodemographic and cultural groups. Laboratory and home-based studies employ a variety of approaches, including psychophysiological recordings, experimental techniques, behavioral observations, standardized assessments, rating scales, interviews, and demographic/census records in both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs. Sociodemographic comparisons under investigation include, for example, family SES, maternal age and employment status, and child parity and daycare experience. Cultural study sites include Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, England, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Peru, the Republic of South Korea, as well as the United States; in all places, intra-cultural as well as cross-cultural comparisons are pursued. The Child and Family Research Section was established with the broad aim of investigating the ways in which human development is affected by variations in the conditions under which human beings are reared. The CFRS also conducts a broad program of research in neuroscience and behavioral pediatrics that investigates questions at the interface of child development, biology, and health. Childhood is a time of vulnerability (to accidents, in risk taking), as it is formative in habit development and decision making (nutrition, exercise) for the balance of the life span. This research has several facets, including fetal growth and development and their predictive validity for postnatal performance, the role of heart function in psychological development, developmental sequelae following preterm birth, the impact of deafness on child development and family life, the developmental consequences of cancer and surgery in infancy, children's knowledge, implementation, and evaluation of strategies for coping with stressful medical interventions, and effects of maternal depression on child development and parenting. To meet this multifaceted charge, the CFRS has undertaken three integrated multiage, multivariate, multicultural research programs that are supplemented by a variety of ancillary investigations. These research programs represent an en bloc effort. The first program is a prospective longitudinal study designed to explore multiple aspects of child development in the context of major sociodemographic comparisons. The second program broadens the perspectives of the first to encompass cultural influences on development within the same basic longitudinal framework. The third program is composed of applied extensions of this basic research into neuroscience and behavioral pediatrics. The ultimate aims of these research programs are concerned directly with promoting aware, fit, and motivated children who, as a hopeful eventuality, will grow into knowledgeable, healthy, and happy adults.