Norms and Built Environment: Use of Shade in U.S. and Australian City Parks

规范和建筑环境：美国和澳大利亚城市公园的遮阳利用

• 批准号: 8110564
• 负责人: DAVID B BULLER
• 金额: $ 50.52万
• 依托单位: KLEIN BUENDEL, INC.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-07-15 至 2015-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8110564
• 关键词: Academy; Adult; Age; American; American Cancer Society; Area; Attitude; Australia; Behavior; Cities; Climate; Colorado; Communities; Controlled Study; Country; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data; Data Collection; Dermatologist; Dermatology; Development; Dose; Eating; Education; Effectiveness; Environment; Evolution; Gender; Government; Habits; Health; Health Campaign; Health behavior; Health education; Image; Individual; Intercept; Investments; Jogging; Location; Malignant Neoplasms; Measures; Mediating; Modeling; National Cancer Institute; Neighborhoods; Organizational Policy; Outcome Measure; Perception; Physical environment; Pilot Projects; Plants; Policies; Population; Preparation; Prevention Research; Process; Randomized; Recording of previous events; Recreation; Research; Research Project Grants; Resistance; Risk; Safety; Sampling; Schools; Scientist; Social Environment; Sports; Structure; Sunburn; Sunlight; Surveys; System; Testing; The Sun; Time; Trees; UV Radiation Exposure; Ultraviolet Rays; United States; Visit; Weight; Work; Workplace; World Health Organization; authority; base; behavior influence; college; design; disorder risk; expectation; falls; family structure; meter; primary outcome; programs; public health relevance; skin cancer prevention; social; social group; sun protection

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This study is designed to understand the value of shade development in skin cancer prevention and test predictions from social ecologic models that health behavior results from the interplay among the built environment, social environment, individual factors, setting features, and perceived environment. Use of shade is recommended by health authorities worldwide; however, shade provision requires expensive physical environment changes and may be effective only when health education has created a social environment (e.g., norms) and individual factors (e.g., habits) that motivates its use. A multi-national research team will explore the use of built shade in passive recreation areas (PRAs; areas for sitting/ standing while socializing, preparing/eating a meal, watching or coaching sports, watching a concert, taking a class, or waiting, or areas where people stroll for sightseeing, while observing outdoor displays, or shopping) within public parks and compare use between the United States and Australia to prospectively test the moderating influence of social environment on the built environment. Pilot studies confirmed that adults in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia had stronger sun protection habits and norms than adults in Denver, Colorado, USA. The specific aims of the project are to: a) introduce built shade structures (i.e., shade sails) in public parks in Denver and Melbourne; b) compare the use of PRAs with and without built shade; c) compare the change in use of the PRAs in Denver and Melbourne after introduction of built shade, and d) examine the relationship among social environment, individual factors, other physical features of the environment micro-climate (i.e., setting), and perceived environment and built shade in posttest with PRA users. In this 60-month project, the research team will build shade sails at PRAs in public parks and compare use of PRAs to unshaded PRAs in a randomized pretest- posttest controlled design. PRAs will be stratified by location (80 in Denver and 80 in Melbourne) and randomized to one of 3 sample waves over 3 years. In each wave, areas will be pretested in a first summer, further stratified based on baseline use, and randomized to construction of a shade sail during the fall, winter, and spring. A park audit will describe the park, PRA and neighborhood setting. Post testing will occur the following summer. In total, 40 PRAs will be randomized to shade sail construction (20 per city) and 120 PRAs to control with no shade sails (60 per city). The primary outcome measures will be observation of the number of individuals using the PRAs and their average UV exposure (in minimal erythemal doses [MEDs]). Observers will record use of other PRAs, number of park users, social group, sun protection, gender, and age. Intercept surveys with PRA users will collect data on social environment, individual factors, and perceived environment. UV meters will measure UV levels. Data collection will occur on 4 weekdays and 4 weekend days over 16-weeks in the summer. Primary analyses will be performed on the weighted average use of PRAs and MEDs per day; analyses will be conducted on moderating and mediating factors to test theoretically-derived hypotheses. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Use of shade when outdoors is recommended by health authorities worldwide to reduce overall exposure to ultraviolet radiation; however, expensive physical environment changes are often required to provide shade and may be effective only when health education has created a social environment and individual factors that motivate shade use. A multi-national research team will explore the use of built shade in passive recreation areas (PRAs) within public parks and compare use of built shade between the United States and Australia. The specific aims of the project are to: a) introduce built shade structures (i.e., shade sails) in public parks in Denver and Melbourne; b) compare the use of PRAs with and without built shade; c) compare the change in use of the PRAs in Denver and Melbourne after introduction of built shade, and d) examine the relationship among social environment, individual factors, other physical features of the environment micro-climate (i.e., setting), and perceived environment and built shade in posttest with PRA users.

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究旨在了解遮阳发展在预防皮肤癌中的价值，并测试社会生态模型的预测，即健康行为是由建筑环境、社会环境、个人因素、环境特征和感知环境之间相互作用产生的。世界各地的卫生当局都建议使用遮荫处；然而，提供遮阳设施需要昂贵的物理环境改变，并且只有在健康教育创造了社会环境（例如规范）和激励其使用的个人因素（例如习惯）时才可能有效。一个多国研究小组将探索公园内被动休闲区（PRA；在社交、准备/吃饭、观看或指导体育运动、观看音乐会、上课或等待时坐/站的区域，或人们漫步观光、观看户外展示或购物的区域）中建筑遮阳的使用，并比较美国和澳大利亚之间的使用情况，以前瞻性地测试社会环境对建筑环境的调节影响。试点研究证实，澳大利亚维多利亚州墨尔本的成年人比美国科罗拉多州丹佛市的成年人有更强的防晒习惯和规范。该项目的具体目标是： a) 在丹佛和墨尔本的公园引入内置遮阳结构（即遮阳帆）； b) 比较有和没有内置遮阳的 PRA 的使用情况； c) 比较引入建筑遮阳后丹佛和墨尔本 PRA 使用的变化，以及 d) 在 PRA 用户的后测中检查社会环境、个人因素、环境微气候（即设置）的其他物理特征以及感知环境和建筑遮阳之间的关系。在这个为期 60 个月的项目中，研究团队将在公园的 PRA 上建造遮阳帆，并在随机的前后测试控制设计中比较 PRA 与无遮阳 PRA 的使用情况。 PRA 将按地点分层（丹佛 80 个，墨尔本 80 个），并随机分配到 3 年内的 3 个样本波之一。在每一波中，区域将在第一个夏季进行预先测试，根据基线使用情况进一步分层，并在秋季、冬季和春季随机建造遮阳帆。公园审计将描述公园、PRA 和社区环境。后期测试将在第二年夏天进行。总共 40 个 PRA 将被随机分配为遮阳帆结构（每个城市 20 个），120 个 PRA 将被随机分配为无遮阳帆的对照（每个城市 60 个）。主要结果指标是观察使用 PRA 的人数及其平均紫外线暴露量（最小红斑剂量 [MED]）。观察员将记录其他公共区域的使用情况、公园使用者数量、社交群体、防晒、性别和年龄。 PRA 用户的拦截调查将收集有关社会环境、个人因素和感知环境的数据。紫外线计将测量紫外线水平。夏季，数据收集将在 16 周内的 4 个工作日和 4 个周末进行。主要分析将针对每日 PRA 和 MED 的加权平均使用量进行；将对调节因素和中介因素进行分析，以检验理论上得出的假设。 公共卫生相关性：世界各地的卫生当局建议在户外时使用遮荫处，以减少总体暴露于紫外线辐射的情况；然而，提供遮荫往往需要昂贵的物理环境改变，并且只有在健康教育创造了社会环境和激励使用遮荫的个人因素时才可能有效。一个多国研究小组将探索公园内被动休闲区 (PRA) 中内置遮阳设施的使用情况，并比较美国和澳大利亚的内置遮阳设施的使用情况。该项目的具体目标是： a) 在丹佛和墨尔本的公园引入内置遮阳结构（即遮阳帆）； b) 比较有和没有内置遮阳的 PRA 的使用情况； c) 比较引入建筑遮阳后丹佛和墨尔本 PRA 使用的变化，以及 d) 在 PRA 用户的后测中检查社会环境、个人因素、环境微气候（即设置）的其他物理特征以及感知环境和建筑遮阳之间的关系。