Situation Model Updating in Young and Older Adults

年轻人和老年人的情境模型更新

• 批准号: 8198708
• 负责人: Heather Bailey
• 金额: $ 5.58万
• 依托单位: WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-09-30 至 2014-09-29
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8198708
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Affect; Age; Aging; Brain; Cognitive aging; Comprehension; Deglutition; Dimensions; Elderly; Event; Goals; Image; Individual; Intervention; Location; Longevity; Magnetism; Medial; Memory; Methods; Mind; Modeling; Participant; Prefrontal Cortex; Process; Reading; Reporting; Research; Retrieval; Role; Short-Term Memory; Temporal Lobe; Testing; Text; Time; Update; age difference; age related; cognitive change; experience; forgetting; improved; long term memory; memory encoding; memory process; response; semantic processing; theories; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The subjective memory complaints reported by older adults involve memory for everyday activities, such as forgetting where they placed items, forgetting directions to familiar locations, and repeating stories. Yet, age-related changes in memory in the context of naturalistic everyday events have gone surprisingly unstudied. Recently, we have begun to understand how people build and update representations of events they experience or read about. Activity is dynamic, so the representation of "what is happening now" (i.e., situation model) must be updated constantly. Decreased memory updating and capacity are associated with aging; thus, older adults may update situation models differently than do young adults. Situation models are updated when a change has occurred along at least one of several dimensions, including characters, goals, space, and time. One possibility is that all situation model updating is incremental in which only information relevant to the changing dimension is updated. Alternatively, situation models may be globally updated. In this view, dynamic activity is segmented into discrete events that are represented in the situation model. Activity is segmented at an event boundary, and when a new event begins, the entire model is updated-not just the information that changed. Given that little evidence exists for global updating, this project aims to test whether (1) situation models are updated globally and (2) the updating process is affected by age. To assess these aims, young and older adults will read narrative texts. Memory will be probed following an event boundary triggered by a change along one dimension (e.g., space). If we find evidence of global updating, then all information related to the previous event will be less available after an event boundary. However, if updating is incremental, then we should find that only information associated with the changed dimension is less available. Finally, while participants read narratives, functional magnetic imaging will be used to look at age-related differences in phasic activity in response to memory probes. If situation models are updated globally at event boundaries, then all probes should selectively activate the medial temporal lobes-regions associated with retrieval from long-term memory. If situation models are updated incrementally, then the changed-dimension probes should activate the medial temporal lobes, whereas the unchanged-dimension probes should activate prefrontal cortex-region associated with retrieval from a situation model. This project has implications for theories of comprehension as well as cognitive aging interventions. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Declines in memory for everyday events are one of the common complaints of aging. Recent research with younger adults suggests that "chunking" ongoing activity into meaningful events is important for later memory. The proposed studies will investigate how the mind and brain do this chunking as people read text and how this process changes with age.

描述（由申请人提供）：老年人报告的主观记忆投诉涉及日常活动的记忆，例如忘记他们放置物品的位置，忘记了熟悉地点的方向和重复故事。然而，在自然主义日常事件的背景下，与年龄相关的记忆变化令人惊讶地尚未研究。最近，我们开始了解人们如何建立和更新他们所经历或阅读的事件的表示。活动是动态的，因此必须不断更新“现在正在发生的事情”（即情况模型）的表示。记忆更新和容量减少与衰老有关；因此，老年人可能会更新情况模型与年轻人不同。当更改沿着几个维度中的至少一个（包括角色，目标，空间和时间）发生时，将更新情况模型。一种可能性是，所有情况模型更新都是增量的，其中仅更新与变化维度相关的信息。另外，情况模型可能会在全球更新。在此观点中，动态活动被分割为情况模型中表示的离散事件。活动在事件边界处进行分割，当新事件开始时，整个模型都会更新，而不仅仅是更改的信息。鉴于几乎没有证据表明全球更新，因此该项目旨在测试（1）情况模型是否在全球范围内进行更新，并且（2）更新过程受年龄的影响。为了评估这些目标，年轻人和老年人将阅读叙事文本。将在沿一个维度（例如空间）触发的事件边界触发的事件边界之后进行探测。如果我们找到全球更新的证据，那么与上一个事件有关的所有信息将在事件边界后较少使用。但是，如果更新是增量的，那么我们应该发现仅与更改维度关联的信息较少可用。最后，尽管参与者阅读叙述，但功能磁成像将用于查看与记忆探针响应的相关阶段活动的差异。如果情况模型在事件边界上进行全球更新，则所有探针均应选择性地激活与从长期内存中检索相关的内侧颞叶区域。如果情况模型逐渐更新，则更换维数探针应激活内侧颞叶，而不变的维探针应激活与从情况模型相关的检索相关的前额叶皮层区域。该项目对理解理论以及认知老化干预措施具有影响。 公共卫生相关性：日常事件记忆的下降是衰老的常见抱怨之一。与年轻人的最新研究表明，将持续的活动“分块”为有意义的事件对于以后的记忆很重要。拟议的研究将调查当人们阅读文本以及该过程如何随着年龄的变化而变化时，思想和大脑如何进行这一大块。