Situation Model Updating in Young and Older Adults

年轻人和老年人的情境模型更新

• 批准号: 8198708
• 负责人: Heather Bailey
• 金额: $ 5.58万
• 依托单位: WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-09-30 至 2014-09-29
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8198708
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Affect; Age; Aging; Brain; Cognitive aging; Comprehension; Deglutition; Dimensions; Elderly; Event; Goals; Image; Individual; Intervention; Location; Longevity; Magnetism; Medial; Memory; Methods; Mind; Modeling; Participant; Prefrontal Cortex; Process; Reading; Reporting; Research; Retrieval; Role; Short-Term Memory; Temporal Lobe; Testing; Text; Time; Update; age difference; age related; cognitive change; experience; forgetting; improved; long term memory; memory encoding; memory process; response; semantic processing; theories; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The subjective memory complaints reported by older adults involve memory for everyday activities, such as forgetting where they placed items, forgetting directions to familiar locations, and repeating stories. Yet, age-related changes in memory in the context of naturalistic everyday events have gone surprisingly unstudied. Recently, we have begun to understand how people build and update representations of events they experience or read about. Activity is dynamic, so the representation of "what is happening now" (i.e., situation model) must be updated constantly. Decreased memory updating and capacity are associated with aging; thus, older adults may update situation models differently than do young adults. Situation models are updated when a change has occurred along at least one of several dimensions, including characters, goals, space, and time. One possibility is that all situation model updating is incremental in which only information relevant to the changing dimension is updated. Alternatively, situation models may be globally updated. In this view, dynamic activity is segmented into discrete events that are represented in the situation model. Activity is segmented at an event boundary, and when a new event begins, the entire model is updated-not just the information that changed. Given that little evidence exists for global updating, this project aims to test whether (1) situation models are updated globally and (2) the updating process is affected by age. To assess these aims, young and older adults will read narrative texts. Memory will be probed following an event boundary triggered by a change along one dimension (e.g., space). If we find evidence of global updating, then all information related to the previous event will be less available after an event boundary. However, if updating is incremental, then we should find that only information associated with the changed dimension is less available. Finally, while participants read narratives, functional magnetic imaging will be used to look at age-related differences in phasic activity in response to memory probes. If situation models are updated globally at event boundaries, then all probes should selectively activate the medial temporal lobes-regions associated with retrieval from long-term memory. If situation models are updated incrementally, then the changed-dimension probes should activate the medial temporal lobes, whereas the unchanged-dimension probes should activate prefrontal cortex-region associated with retrieval from a situation model. This project has implications for theories of comprehension as well as cognitive aging interventions. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Declines in memory for everyday events are one of the common complaints of aging. Recent research with younger adults suggests that "chunking" ongoing activity into meaningful events is important for later memory. The proposed studies will investigate how the mind and brain do this chunking as people read text and how this process changes with age.

描述（由申请人提供）：老年人报告的主观记忆投诉涉及日常活动的记忆，例如忘记放置物品的位置，忘记熟悉地点的方向以及重复故事。然而，令人惊讶的是，在自然主义的日常事件背景下，与年龄相关的记忆变化却没有得到研究。最近，我们开始了解人们如何构建和更新他们所经历或阅读的事件的表征。活动是动态的，所以“现在正在发生的事情”的表示（即，（三）必须不断更新。记忆更新和容量的减少与衰老有关;因此，老年人可能会以不同于年轻人的方式更新情境模型。当在包括人物、目标、空间和时间的多个维度中的至少一个维度上发生沿着变化时，更新情境模型。一种可能性是，所有情况模型更新都是增量的，其中仅更新与变化维度相关的信息。可替代地，可以全局地更新情境模型。在这种观点中，动态活动被分割成离散事件，这些事件在情境模型中表示。活动在事件边界处被分割，当新事件开始时，整个模型都会更新，而不仅仅是更改的信息。鉴于全球更新的证据很少，本项目旨在测试（1）情境模型是否在全球范围内更新，以及（2）更新过程是否受年龄的影响。为了评估这些目标，年轻人和老年人将阅读叙事文本。将在由沿沿着一个维度的改变触发的事件边界之后探测存储器（例如，空间）。如果我们发现了全局更新的证据，那么在事件边界之后，与先前事件相关的所有信息都将变得更少。但是，如果更新是增量的，那么我们应该发现只有与更改的维度相关的信息可用性较低。最后，当参与者阅读叙述时，功能磁成像将被用来观察与年龄相关的记忆探针反应阶段活动的差异。如果情境模型在事件边界处被全局更新，那么所有的探测器都应该选择性地激活内侧颞叶--与从长期记忆中提取相关的区域。如果情境模型是递增式更新的，那么维度改变的探测器应该激活内侧颞叶，而维度不变的探测器应该激活与情境模型提取相关的前额叶皮层区域。该项目对理解理论以及认知老化干预具有影响。 公共卫生相关性：对日常事件的记忆力下降是衰老的常见症状之一。最近对年轻人的研究表明，将正在进行的活动“分块”成有意义的事件对以后的记忆很重要。拟议中的研究将调查人们阅读文本时大脑和大脑如何进行这种组块，以及这一过程如何随年龄变化。