Situation Model Updating in Young and Older Adults

年轻人和老年人的情境模型更新

• 批准号: 8447680
• 负责人: Heather Bailey
• 金额: $ 5.14万
• 依托单位: WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-09-30 至 2013-08-16
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8447680
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Affect; Age; Aging; Brain; Cognitive aging; Comprehension; Deglutition; Dimensions; Elderly; Event; Goals; Image; Individual; Intervention; Location; Longevity; Magnetism; Medial; Memory; Methods; Mind; Modeling; Participant; Prefrontal Cortex; Process; Reading; Reporting; Research; Retrieval; Role; Short-Term Memory; Temporal Lobe; Testing; Text; Time; Update; age difference; age related; cognitive change; experience; forgetting; improved; long term memory; memory encoding; memory process; response; semantic processing; theories; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The subjective memory complaints reported by older adults involve memory for everyday activities, such as forgetting where they placed items, forgetting directions to familiar locations, and repeating stories. Yet, age-related changes in memory in the context of naturalistic everyday events have gone surprisingly unstudied. Recently, we have begun to understand how people build and update representations of events they experience or read about. Activity is dynamic, so the representation of "what is happening now" (i.e., situation model) must be updated constantly. Decreased memory updating and capacity are associated with aging; thus, older adults may update situation models differently than do young adults. Situation models are updated when a change has occurred along at least one of several dimensions, including characters, goals, space, and time. One possibility is that all situation model updating is incremental in which only information relevant to the changing dimension is updated. Alternatively, situation models may be globally updated. In this view, dynamic activity is segmented into discrete events that are represented in the situation model. Activity is segmented at an event boundary, and when a new event begins, the entire model is updated-not just the information that changed. Given that little evidence exists for global updating, this project aims to test whether (1) situation models are updated globally and (2) the updating process is affected by age. To assess these aims, young and older adults will read narrative texts. Memory will be probed following an event boundary triggered by a change along one dimension (e.g., space). If we find evidence of global updating, then all information related to the previous event will be less available after an event boundary. However, if updating is incremental, then we should find that only information associated with the changed dimension is less available. Finally, while participants read narratives, functional magnetic imaging will be used to look at age-related differences in phasic activity in response to memory probes. If situation models are updated globally at event boundaries, then all probes should selectively activate the medial temporal lobes-regions associated with retrieval from long-term memory. If situation models are updated incrementally, then the changed-dimension probes should activate the medial temporal lobes, whereas the unchanged-dimension probes should activate prefrontal cortex-region associated with retrieval from a situation model. This project has implications for theories of comprehension as well as cognitive aging interventions.

描述（由申请人提供）：老年人报告的主观记忆抱怨涉及日常活动的记忆，例如忘记放置物品的位置、忘记前往熟悉地点的方向以及重复故事。然而，令人惊讶的是，在自然主义日常事件的背景下，与年龄相关的记忆变化却没有得到研究。最近，我们开始了解人们如何构建和更新他们经历或读到的事件的表征。活动是动态的，因此“现在正在发生的事情”的表示（即情景模型）必须不断更新。记忆更新和容量的减少与衰老有关；因此，老年人更新情境模型的方式可能与年轻人不同。当多个维度（包括角色、目标、空间和时间）中的至少一个发生变化时，情境模型就会更新。一种可能性是所有情境模型更新都是增量的，其中仅更新与变化维度相关的信息。或者，情境模型可以全局更新。在这个视图中，动态活动被分割成在情境模型中表示的离散事件。活动在事件边界处分段，当新事件开始时，整个模型都会更新，而不仅仅是更改的信息。鉴于几乎没有证据表明存在全局更新，该项目旨在测试（1）情境模型是否在全局进行更新以及（2）更新过程是否受到年龄的影响。为了评估这些目标，年轻人和老年人将阅读叙述性文本。沿着一维（例如，空间）的变化触发事件边界后，将探测内存。如果我们找到全局更新的证据，那么在事件边界之后与先前事件相关的所有信息将变得更少可用。然而，如果更新是增量的，那么我们应该发现只有与更改的维度相关的信息才不太可用。最后，当参与者阅读叙述时，功能性磁成像将用于观察记忆探针响应中与年龄相关的阶段性活动差异。如果情景模型在事件边界处进行全局更新，那么所有探针都应该选择性地激活与长期记忆检索相关的内侧颞叶区域。如果情景模型增量更新，则变化维度的探针应激活内侧颞叶，而不变维度的探针应激活与情景模型检索相关的前额皮质区域。该项目对理解理论以及认知衰老干预具有重要意义。