Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control

描述（由申请人提供）：该项目的重点是了解引起认知控制的心理和神经机制。认知控制过程是人类心理功能的组成部分，在广泛的领域中具有根本性的重要性，包括注意力，工作记忆，情景记忆和决策。认知控制中断被认为是患有各种精神健康障碍和神经精神疾病（例如，精神分裂症、抑郁症、ADHD、帕金森氏症、阿尔茨海默氏症等）。在过去十年中进行的先前研究表明，可能存在与认知控制的时间动态和神经回路相关的可变性的核心维度，这反映在两种性质不同的控制模式（主动和被动）之间的转变中。这项工作提供了一个强有力的实验基础，表明这种变异性是：a）存在于健康个体中，并发生在一系列认知领域，B）在独特的动态神经签名方面可观察到，以及c）可能导致受损人群的行为缺陷（例如，健康老龄化、精神分裂症）。然而，到目前为止，这项研究一直局限于小规模的研究集中在单一的任务和使用有限的参与者样本。在目前的建议是一个严格的和雄心勃勃的尝试，“扩大”这项研究的奋进，通过大样本的研究，涉及在多个认知控制领域的主题内的功能磁共振成像评估，结合相关/实验设计，广泛的表征个体差异的变化，和复杂的心理测量和统计数据建模。拟议项目的一个关键特点是其整合和协同作用 与正在进行的人类连接组计划（HCP）的关系，这将提供神经科学研究史上最全面的人类大脑功能和变异的表征。具体而言，作为当前项目的一部分，HCP参与者的一个子集（MZ/DZ双胞胎的多样化和良好表征的样本）将被招募用于重新测试专门设计用于探测和分离主动和反应控制的任务，同时使用HCP的相同功能磁共振成像扫描仪，采集，分析和数据库协议。这将使该项目能够实现与通过HCP获得的全面大脑连接和遗传数据的紧密整合和联系。该项目的主要目标将是测试和验证挑衅性的假设，即主动和反应性控制形成不同的和连贯的内表型结构，提供遗传变异，神经回路和动力学之间的桥梁，可观察到的行为概况。这一努力的成功将具有重要的理论和临床意义，通过提供对正常人类变异来源的更清晰的理解，更重要的是，突出了一系列精神健康障碍的潜在风险脆弱性因素。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This project focuses on understanding the psychological and neural mechanisms that give rise to cognitive control. Cognitive control processes are a component of human mental function that is fundamentally important in a wide range of domains, including attention, working memory, episodic memory, and decision making. Cognitive control disruptions are thought to be a major source of functional impairment for individuals suffering from a variety of mental health disorders and neuropsychiatric diseases (e.g., schizophrenia, depression, ADHD, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc). Prior research, conducted over the last decade, has suggested that there may be a core dimension of variability related to the temporal dynamics and neural circuitry of cognitive control, which is reflected in shifts between two qualitatively distinct modes of control, proactive and reactive. This work has provided a strong experimental base of findings suggesting that this variability is: a) present in healthy individuals and occurs across a range of cognitive domains, b) observable in terms of unique dynamic neural signatures, and c) likely contributing to behavioral deficits in impaired populations (e.g., healthy aging, schizophrenia). However, to date, this research has been confined to small-scale studies focusing on single tasks and using restricted participant samples. In the current proposal represents a rigorous and ambitious attempt to "scale up" this research endeavor, through a large-sample study, involving within-subject fMRI assessments in multiple cognitive control domains, a combined correlational/experimental design, extensive characterization of individual differences variation, and sophisticated psychometric and statistical data modeling. A key feature of the proposed project is its integration and synergistic relationship with the on-going Human Connectome Project (HCP), which will provide the most comprehensive characterization of normative human brain function and variation in the history of neuroscience research. Specifically, as part of the current project, a subset of HCP participants (a diverse and well-characterized sample of MZ/DZ twins) will be recruited for retesting in tasks that are specifically designed to probe and dissociate proactive and reactive control, while utilizing the same fMRI scanner, acquisition, analysis and databasing protocols of the HCP. This will enable the project to achieve tight integration and linkage with comprehensive brain connectivity and genetic data acquired through the HCP. The key goal of the project will be to test and validate the provocative hypothesis that proactive and reactive control form distinct and coherent endophenotypic constructs that provide a bridge between genetic variation, neural circuitry and dynamics, and observable behavioral profiles. Success is in this effort will have important theoretical and clinical implications, by providing a clearer understanding of the sources of normal human variation, and even more importantly, highlighting potential risk vulnerability factors for a range of mental health disorders.