DUAL MECHANISMS OF COGNITIVE CONTROL

描述（由申请人提供）：该提案探讨了认知控制的神经和心理机制。控制过程被认为是人类认知的灵活性，复杂性和复杂性的根本重要因素。相反，认知控制的崩溃是广泛的神经精神障碍的主要来源，如阿尔茨海默氏症和帕金森氏症，精神分裂症和ADHD。认知控制的一个核心组成部分是积极主动的能力-根据对即将发生的事件的预知，期望或目标提前准备注意力，思想和行动。大量的工作已经阐明了参与主动或准备控制的神经系统，目前的共识是背侧额顶回路的重要性，沿着中脑多巴胺系统和内侧额叶皮层。然而，在指定这些系统的精确功能贡献和相互作用的理论进展缓慢。我们以前的工作已经证明，理论理解的挑战出现了，因为有多种可能的控制机制，可以根据特定的任务需求灵活部署，以及其他因素，如稳定的个体差异，动机因素和特定的神经控制系统的完整性。当前的提案测试了这样的假设：基于以下因素的准备之间存在重要的定性区别：a）注意力与有意控制; B）有意控制与意志控制;以及c）目标层次结构不同级别的表征。这些假设将在一系列综合的行为和神经影像学研究（使用最先进的功能磁共振成像方法和分析技术）中进行测试，这些研究系统地研究了这些区别，从一组常见的实验范式中，在年轻人和老年人中，以及与个体差异变量的关系。这项工作的成功将代表一个重要的理论进步，通过澄清神经机制和行为后果如何控制认知是实现的。该项目具有高度的相关性，为公共卫生的潜力，提供关键信息的神经和心理基础的短暂的失误和持续的损害，在认知控制所遭受的健康个人和临床人群。这些知识可用于推动制定更有效的干预措施

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal explores the neural and psychological mechanisms of cognitive control. Control processes are thought to be the fundamentally important in enabling the flexibility, complexity, and sophistication of human cognition. Conversely, breakdowns in cognitive control are a major source of impairment in a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease, schizophrenia, and ADHD. A core component of cognitive control is the ability to be proactive - to prepare attention, thoughts, and action in advance based on foreknowledge, expectations, or goals regarding upcoming events. A large body of work has elucidated the neural systems involved in proactive or preparatory control, with current consensus pointing to the importance of dorsal frontoparietal circuits, along with the midbrain dopamine system and medial frontal cortex. Nevertheless, theoretical progress in specifying of the precise functional contributions and interactions of these systems has been slow. Our previous work has demonstrated that challenges for theoretical understanding arise because there are multiple possible control mechanisms that can be flexibly deployed according to the specific task demands, and other factors such as stable individual differences, motivational factors, and the integrity of specific neural control systems. The current proposal tests the hypothesis that important qualitative distinctions exist between preparation based on: a) attentional vs. intentional control; b) intentional vs. volitional control; and c) representations at different levels of a goal hierarchy. These hypotheses will be tested in an integrated series of behavioral and neuroimaging studies (using state-of-the-art functional magnetic resonance imaging methods and analytical techniques) that systematically examine these distinctions from within a common set of experimental paradigms, in both young and older adults, and in relation to individual difference variables. Success in this work would represent a significant theoretical advance, by clarifying the neural mechanisms and behavioral consequences of how control over cognition is achieved. This project has high relevance for public health in terms of the potential to provide critical information regarding the neural and psychological bases of both the transient lapses and sustained impairments in cognitive control suffered by both healthy individuals and clinical populations. Such knowledge could be used to drive the development of more effective interventions