Translating Drinking and Driving Risk Information into Risk Perception

描述（由申请人提供）：认知科学的最新发展为研究人员提供了解释危险行为（如饮酒和驾驶）和识别产生行为变化的机制的新机会。这一点很重要，因为很少有证据表明，常用的干预策略，公共信息和教育，单独有效地降低风险，特别是当观众认为继续危险行为的好处。公共信息往往不能改变行为，因为风险信息不能转化为主观的风险感知。这种翻译的一个可能的障碍是，教学信息影响认知的显着水平，而行为选择的影响很大，认知操作的隐式水平。第二个可能的障碍是，在某些体内激励条件下，风险信息的接受者参与认知反应，以减轻风险信息的影响。 第三个可能的障碍是无法引起情感反应的信息，也就是说，它们可能无法让接收者感到有风险。最后，关于危险饮酒，酒精消费已经被发现会影响人们在形成判断和做出决定时所关注的信息。因此，饮酒的行为可能会妨碍在决定是否酒后驾驶时使用风险信息。本申请描述了一系列雄心勃勃的研究。这项研究首先将证明，对受试者目标的微妙操纵（表现为内隐认知结构）可以暂时改变对酒精的态度和自我报告的酒后驾车意图。其次，研究将表明，饮酒（通过酒精近视现象）加剧了认知操纵的影响。因此，巧妙地启动安全目标应该会减少酒后驾车的意图，特别是对于那些服用酒精的人。第三，研究将表明，通过内隐方法（相对于外显方法）传达风险信息会规避人们用来抵制说服性影响的认知反应策略。最后，研究将证明，当参与者被引导到错误的情绪反应的消息信息时，风险信息的影响显着更大。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Recent developments in cognitive science present researchers with new opportunities for explaining risky behavior (such as drinking and driving) and identifying mechanisms for engendering behavioral change. This is important as there is little evidence to suggest that commonly used intervention strategies-public information and education-alone effectively reduce risk, particularly when audiences perceive benefits to continuing the risky behavior. Public information may often fall short in changing behavior because the risk information fails to translate into subjective risk perception. One possible impediment to this translation is that didactic information affects cognition at the explicit level whereas behavioral choice is heavily influenced by cognition operating on the implicit level. A second possible impediment is that under certain in vivo motivational conditions, recipients of risk information engage in cognitive responding to mitigate the influence of that risk information. A third possible impediment is messages that fail to engage affective responses, that is, they may fail to make recipients feel at risk. Finally, regarding risky drinking specifically, alcohol consumption has been found to influence what information people attend to in forming judgments and making decisions. Thus, the act of drinking might impede the use of risk information in deciding whether to drink and drive. This application describes an ambitious series of studies. The research first will demonstrate that the subtle manipulation of subjects' goals (represented as implicit cognitive structures) can temporarily alter attitudes towards alcohol and self-reported drinking-and-driving intentions. Second, the research will show that alcohol consumption (via the phenomenon of alcohol myopia) exacerbates the effect of cognitive manipulation. Thus, subtly priming the goal of safety should reduce drinking-and-driving intentions, particularly for individuals who have been dosed with alcohol. Third, the research will show that communicating risk information through implicit methods (versus explicit methods) circumvents cognitive response strategies that people use to resist persuasive influence. Finally, the research will demonstrate that the impact of risk information is significanly greater when participants are led to misattribute emotional responses to the message information.