Gaze Modification Strategies for Toddlers with ASD

摘要 最近的眼动追踪研究表明，20个月大的自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）幼儿， 与典型发育（TD）和发育迟缓（DD）幼儿相比， 其他人1的活动以及试图通过直接的眼神接触和儿童指导来吸引他们的面孔 speech 2（即，对二元参与的出价）。 因为关注他人，尤其是他们的行为， 与社会技能发展和观察学习有关， 观察他人及其活动的规范性策略可能为他们提供新的学习机会 关于他们的社交世界这一提议开创了一种使用自适应眼动跟踪的非常新颖的研究路线 技术和非自适应感知增强线索，以帮助20个月大的幼儿分配他们的 以更典型的方式关注人们及其行为。该项目将分两个阶段进行。在 第一阶段，将从18-24个月大的典型发育（TD）中收集规范性凝视模式 幼儿（N=50）观看女演员参与日常活动的视频，重点是场景 结合了对二元参与和共享活动的投标。在第二阶段，20个月大的幼儿 与ASD的初步诊断将显示在以下3个条件的视频：（1）非适应性线索 条件（N=16），其中将在选定场景位置（例如， 增加对比度或强调运动）以保持观看者的注意力 （2）适应性提示条件（N=16），当观察者偏离标准的 凝视模式，场景通过变暗或变暗自动将注意力重新导向规范模式， 不强调场景中的非典型位置，以及（3）控制条件（N=16），其中幼儿将看到 没有操纵的场景，正如在第一阶段向TD参与者展示的那样。 操作块将 之前和之后的二元出价场景和活动场景，这将建立基线扫描 模式和凝视操作的效果。 行为评估将在 眼动跟踪会议，以衡量任何变化的视觉扫描策略的普遍性。如果 成功的，这项研究可能指向新的方法，训练注意社会信息， 患有ASD的幼儿，也可能导致新的眼动跟踪范式，可能对非典型的 注意力的模式。

Abstract Recent eye-tracking studies have shown that 20-month old toddlers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), as compared to typically developing (TD) and developmentally-delayed (DD) toddlers, attend less to the shared activities of others1 as well as to faces trying to engage them using direct eye-contact and child-directed speech2 (i.e. bids for dyadic engagement). Since attending to others, and especially their actions, is critically linked to both social skill development and observational learning, teaching toddlers and children with ASD normative strategies for viewing others and their activities may provide new opportunities for them to learn about their social world. This proposal initiates a highly novel line of research which uses adaptive eye-tracking technology and non-adaptive perceptually augmented cues in order to help 20-month-old toddlers allocate their attention to people and their actions in a more typical fashion. The project will be conducted in two phases. In the first phase, normative gaze patterns will be collected from 18-24 month old typically developing (TD) toddlers (N=50) watching videos of actresses engaged in everyday activities, with an emphasis on scenarios incorporating bids for dyadic engagement and shared activities. In the second phase, 20-month-old toddlers with a preliminary diagnosis of ASD will be shown videos in the following 3 conditions: (1) a non-adaptive cue condition (N=16), where perceptual enhancement will be employed at selected scene locations (e.g. increasing contrast or emphasizing motion) in order to maintain the viewers' attention towards normative locations of scanning~ (2) an adaptive cue condition (N=16), where, as viewers deviate from the normative gaze pattern, the scene automatically redirects attention back towards the normative pattern by darkening or deemphasizing atypical locations on the scene~ and (3) a control condition (N=16), where toddlers will view the scenes without manipulation, as is shown to TD participants in the first phase. Manipulated blocks will be preceded and followed by dyadic bid scenes and activity scenes which will establish both baseline scanning patterns and the effects of gaze manipulation. Behavioral assessments will be employed before and after the eye-tracking sessions in order to gauge the generalizability of any changes to visual scanning strategies. If successful, this study may point towards new methods for training attention towards social information in toddlers with ASD, and may also lead to new eye-tracking paradigms that may be more sensitive to atypical patterns of attention.