Parent-adolescent interactions, gender, and substance use: Brain mechanisms.

摘要(30行) 青少年药物使用是一个重大的公共卫生问题，它预示着未来的药物使用 成年期的精神障碍。需要对风险因素进行准确的了解，以制定和确定预防措施。一个 大量研究表明，育儿环境是青少年的一个重要风险因素 物质使用。然而，父母教养对物质使用的影响的大脑机制尚不清楚。在……里面 我们目前由NIDA资助的R01研究，我们发现在我们的小说中测量的不适应父母行为 实验室亲子互动任务(PAIT)显著预测了当前和未来(1年后) 245例青少年早期物质使用情况调查作为下一步，在此R01续订申请中，我们建议团队 与神经学家(共同合作的Pi Thompson)一起研究情绪和奖励相关的大脑效应机制 关于青少年药物使用的育儿问题。我们对72名来自美国的青少年进行了一项初步的fMRI研究 R01研究发现，在实验室的Pait任务中观察到了育儿行为的初步证据 预测额叶-边缘-纹状体对负面情绪和奖励的激活，以及这些大脑 回答预测了青少年未来的物质使用情况。此外，我们发现这些大脑通路的不同之处在于 性别，女孩表现出以额叶边缘对负面情绪的高度激活为特征的途径 而男孩表现出以额纹状体高度激活为特征的奖励路径。建议数 更新换代研究将正式研究从育儿到青少年的性别差异大脑路径 在大样本中使用具有更大范围的育儿行为的物质。 我们将招募326名物质天真的11-12岁儿童及其父母，其中40%被过度抽样用于 不适应的育儿方式。在实验室课程中，我们将测量观察到的父母行为和青少年 在我们的Pait任务中的生理反应，在当前的R01研究中得到了验证。青少年将完成功能磁共振成像 检查标准化情绪中大脑功能激活(以及功能连通性)的会议 我们在当前的R01样本中试用的处理、奖励处理和休息状态任务。我们会 收集物质使用和问题使用、情绪和奖励的详细行为和生物测量 敏感性，并报告在基线和青春期中期的1年、2年和3年的随访中的父母教养方式。 我们将检验：1.育儿方式对青少年情绪和奖赏相关大脑的预测 按性别划分的功能和2.青少年大脑功能预测三年以上物质使用的增加 按性别排列的年份。这项研究将首次将实验室对父母教养方式的评估与神经-- 成像以了解父母教养对物质使用的影响的大脑机制。通过识别大脑 父母教养效果的机制，以及性别差异在这些方面，我们可以更好地针对性和加强 以育儿为重点的预防方案，并制定对性别敏感的预防措施。

Abstract (30 lines) Adolescent substance use is a significant public health problem that predicts future substance use disorders in adulthood. Precise understanding of risk factors is needed to develop and target preventions. A large body of research has identified the parenting environment as a strong risk factor for adolescent substance use. However, the brain mechanisms for effects of parenting on substance use are not known. In our current NIDA-funded R01 study, we found that maladaptive parenting behaviors measured in our novel laboratory parent-adolescent interaction task (PAIT) significantly predicted current and future (1 year later) substance use in 245 early adolescents. As a next step, in this R01 renewal application, we propose to team with a neuroscientist (co-PI Thompson) to investigate emotion- and reward-related brain mechanisms of effects of parenting on adolescent substance use. We conducted a pilot fMRI study with 72 of the adolescents from the R01 study and found initial evidence that observed parenting behaviors in the laboratory PAIT task predicted altered fronto-limbic-striatal activation to negative emotion and reward and that these brain responses predicted future adolescent substance use. Further, we found that these brain pathways differed by gender, with girls showing a pathway characterized by heightened fronto-limbic activation to negative emotion and boys showing a pathway characterized by heightened fronto-striatal activation to reward. The proposed renewal study will formally examine gender-differentiated brain pathways from parenting to adolescent substance use in a large sample with a greater range of parenting behavior. We will recruit 326 substance-naive 11-12 year olds and their parents, with 40% oversampled for maladaptive parenting. In a laboratory session, we will measure observed parenting behaviors and adolescent physiological responses in our PAIT task, validated in the current R01 study. Adolescents will complete fMRI sessions to examine brain functional activation (and also functional connectivity) in standardized emotion processing, reward processing, and resting-state tasks which we piloted in the current R01 sample. We will collect detailed behavioral and biological measures of substance use and problem use, emotion and reward sensitivity, and reported parenting at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 year follow-ups into middle adolescence. We will examine: 1. Parenting in PAIT predicting adolescent emotion- and reward-related brain function by gender and 2. Adolescent brain function predicting increases in substance use over three years, by gender. The study will be the first to integrate laboratory assessment of parenting with neuro- imaging to understand brain-based mechanisms of parenting effects on substance use. By identifying brain mechanisms of parenting effects, and gender differences in these, we can better target and strengthen parenting-focused prevention programs and develop gender-sensitive preventions.