Internalizing problems, motivation, peers, & development of adolescent drug use

描述(由申请人提供)：在青春期晚期，当SU升级并出现与物质相关的问题时，早期风险指标与酒精和其他药物使用(物质使用；SU)的相关性越来越大。SU的风险是在青春期过程中累积和顺序积累的，而理解SU在青春期后期需要描述青春期早期的风险背景。青春期早期的行为问题为SU的适应不良和风险增加奠定了基础，激励性突显和努力调节在SU升级中起着重要作用。然而，大多数研究只专注于外部化问题(例如，攻击性和犯罪)带来的风险。内在化问题(如焦虑和抑郁)的病因学作用虽然可能很重要，但人们对此知之甚少。没有长期的纵向研究跟踪青少年从入会前到问题的使用、升级和出现，以提供内在化问题和SU之间联系的发展性描述。此外，社会环境(如同伴、父母)对青春期SU有很大的影响，并且从青春期早期到青春期后期都有很大的变化。有限的SU研究侧重于在这种社会背景下内在化问题的个体层面的变化。拟议的项目填补了文献中的这些关键空白。这是对社区样本中SU研究的继续，该样本最初在11-13岁进行评估。拟议的项目将跟踪样本到青春期后期进行三个额外的多方法评估(平均年龄为18、19和20岁)，以评估这些年来个人和环境风险的连续性和间断性。我们纵向设计的一个关键特征是能够直接比较内化问题、调解、适度和潜在的双向联系的作用是如何随着年龄和使用阶段(初始、大量使用、问题使用)而变化的。该项目将考察：1)内化问题随着年龄和使用阶段的变化而变化的作用；2.内化问题内化效果的关键中介变量(SU动机和同伴关系)和调节变量(同伴规范、亲子关系质量)；3)激励性突显、努力调节、内化症状和SU之间的相互关系。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Early indicators of risk become increasingly relevant to alcohol and other drug use (substance use; SU) in late adolescence when SU escalates and substance-related problems emerge. Risk for SU builds cumulatively and sequentially over the course of adolescence, and understanding SU in late adolescence requires a characterization of the early adolescent risk context. Behavior problems in early adolescence set the stage for poor adaptation and increased risk for SU with incentive salience and effortful regulation playing an important role in escalation of SU. Yet, most research has focused exclusively on risk conferred by externalizing problems (e.g., aggression and delinquency). The etiological role of internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety and depression), though potentially significant, is poorly understood. No long-term longitudinal studies have followed youth from pre-initiation to use, escalation, and emergence of problems to provide a developmental account of the link between internalizing problems and SU. Moreover, social context (e.g. peers, parents) is a strong influence on adolescent SU, and changes dramatically from early to late adolescence. Limited SU research has focused on individual level changes in internalizing problems within this social context. The proposed project fills these critical gaps in the literature. This is a continuation o a study of SU in a community sample initially assessed at ages 11-13 years. The proposed project will follow the sample into late adolescence for three additional multi-method assessments (mean ages 18, 19, and 20 years) to evaluate continuity and discontinuity in individual and environmental risk over these years. A critical feature of our longitudinal design i the ability to compare directly how the role of internalizing problems, mediation, moderation, and potential bidirectional associations shift across age and stage of use (initiation, heavy use, problem use). The project will examine: 1) The changing role of internalizing problems with age and stage of use; 2. Key mediators (motives for SU and peer affiliations) and moderators (peer norms, parent-adolescent relationship quality) of the effects of internalizing; 3) Reciprocal associations between incentive salience, effortful regulation, internalizing symptoms, and SU.