Problem behavior, peers, and motivational aspects of temperament in substance use

描述（由申请人提供）：青少年物质使用（SU）是一个非常值得关注的问题，部分原因是早期的SU模式往往预示着后来的负面结果。一个途径涉及从童年行为问题到与越轨同伴的关系的发展，这是青少年行为障碍发生和升级的关键近端决定因素。此外，个人及其社会环境之间的相互影响被认为会影响到行为障碍的发展。有限的研究考虑了内化行为问题及其与外化问题在这一途径中的共同发生的作用。这是一个值得注意的遗漏，因为外部化和内部化问题经常同时发生。单纯的和共同发生的行为问题可能通过不同的机制影响SU，如果是这样，则需要相应地调整预防干预措施。此外，青少年时期的大脑发育被认为会导致食欲动机的短暂变化，这可能会增加对危险环境的脆弱性。很明显，有必要进行研究，将动机的发展变化和社会环境的影响结合起来，以更好地了解青少年苏系疾病的发生和升级的脆弱性和保护措施。此类研究将为发展针对高危青少年的综合预防干预措施提供信息。本研究将探讨气质动机方面的变化如何与儿童行为问题和同伴环境相互作用，从而影响苏倾向。本研究将对410名11-12岁儿童的社区样本进行三波纵向研究，为研究这些构式的变化如何促进苏倾向的发生和早期升级提供机会。本研究将利用实验室任务评估基于方法、抑制和自我调节的气质特征。生理指标和照护者报告。将使用儿童和同伴报告评估同伴的影响。我们将研究：1)问题行为与支持SU的同伴关系之间的相互关系；2)支持自我支持的同伴关系、问题行为和自我支持之间的相互中介通路；3)动机概况和概况转换是否调节了所提出的中介路径。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescent substance use (SU) is of great concern in part because early patterns of SU often presage later negative outcomes. One pathway to SU involves a progression from childhood behavior problems to affiliations with deviant peers, which are key proximal determinants of initiation and escalation of adolescent SU. Moreover, reciprocal influences between individuals and their social environment are posited to affect the progression to SU. Limited research has considered the role of internalizing behavior problems and their co-occurrence with externalizing problems in this pathway. This is a notable omission because externalizing and internalizing problems often co-occur. Pure and co-occurring behavior problems may influence SU through different mechanisms, and if so, then preventive interventions need to be tailored accordingly. In addition, brain development during adolescence is thought to result in transient changes in appetitive motivation, which may increase vulnerability to risky contexts. There is a clear need for research that integrates developmental changes in motivation and social contextual influences to better understand vulnerability to and protection from initiation and escalation of adolescent SU. Such research will inform the development of comprehensive preventive interventions for at-risk youth. The proposed research will examine how shifts in motivational aspects of temperament interact with childhood behavior problems and peer context to influence SU. A community sample of 410 11-12 year old children will be assessed in a 3- wave longitudinal study, providing an opportunity to examine how changes in these constructs contribute to the initiation and early escalation of SU. Temperament profiles based on approach, inhibition, and self- regulation will be assessed using laboratory tasks, physiological indicators, and caregiver reports. Peer influences will be assessed using child and peer reports. We will examine: 1) the reciprocal relation between problem behavior and affiliation with peers who support SU; 2) reciprocal mediational pathways among affiliation with peers who support SU, problem behavior, and SU; and 3) whether motivational profiles and profile transitions moderate the proposed mediational paths.