Problem behavior, peers, and motivational aspects of temperament in substance use

描述（由申请人提供）：青少年物质使用（SU）是非常关注的部分原因是SU的早期模式往往预示着后来的负面结果。其中一个途径SU涉及从儿童期行为问题的进展与越轨的同龄人，这是启动和升级的青少年SU的关键近端决定因素。此外，个人和他们的社会环境之间的相互影响被假定影响SU的进展。有限的研究已经考虑了内化行为问题的作用，以及它们与外化问题在这一途径中的共同发生。这是一个值得注意的遗漏，因为外部化和内部化问题往往同时发生。单纯和共同发生的行为问题可能会影响SU通过不同的机制，如果是这样，那么预防干预措施需要相应地调整。此外，青春期的大脑发育被认为会导致食欲动机的短暂变化，这可能会增加对危险环境的脆弱性。有一个明确的研究，整合动机和社会背景的影响，以更好地了解脆弱性和保护启动和升级的青少年SU的发展变化的需要。这种研究将为制定针对问题青年的全面预防干预措施提供信息。拟议的研究将探讨如何在动机方面的气质变化与儿童行为问题和同伴环境相互作用，以影响SU。410个11-12岁的儿童的社区样本将在3波纵向研究进行评估，提供了一个机会，以检查这些结构的变化如何有助于启动和早期升级的SU。将使用实验室任务、生理指标和护理人员报告评估基于接近、抑制和自我调节的气质特征。同侪影响将使用儿童和同侪报告进行评估。我们将研究：1）问题行为和与支持SU的同伴的关系之间的相互关系; 2）与支持SU的同伴的关系、问题行为和SU之间的相互中介路径; 3）动机特征和特征转换是否调节所提出的中介路径。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescent substance use (SU) is of great concern in part because early patterns of SU often presage later negative outcomes. One pathway to SU involves a progression from childhood behavior problems to affiliations with deviant peers, which are key proximal determinants of initiation and escalation of adolescent SU. Moreover, reciprocal influences between individuals and their social environment are posited to affect the progression to SU. Limited research has considered the role of internalizing behavior problems and their co-occurrence with externalizing problems in this pathway. This is a notable omission because externalizing and internalizing problems often co-occur. Pure and co-occurring behavior problems may influence SU through different mechanisms, and if so, then preventive interventions need to be tailored accordingly. In addition, brain development during adolescence is thought to result in transient changes in appetitive motivation, which may increase vulnerability to risky contexts. There is a clear need for research that integrates developmental changes in motivation and social contextual influences to better understand vulnerability to and protection from initiation and escalation of adolescent SU. Such research will inform the development of comprehensive preventive interventions for at-risk youth. The proposed research will examine how shifts in motivational aspects of temperament interact with childhood behavior problems and peer context to influence SU. A community sample of 410 11-12 year old children will be assessed in a 3- wave longitudinal study, providing an opportunity to examine how changes in these constructs contribute to the initiation and early escalation of SU. Temperament profiles based on approach, inhibition, and self- regulation will be assessed using laboratory tasks, physiological indicators, and caregiver reports. Peer influences will be assessed using child and peer reports. We will examine: 1) the reciprocal relation between problem behavior and affiliation with peers who support SU; 2) reciprocal mediational pathways among affiliation with peers who support SU, problem behavior, and SU; and 3) whether motivational profiles and profile transitions moderate the proposed mediational paths.