Problem behavior, peers, and motivational aspects of temperament in substance use

描述(由申请者提供)：青少年物质使用(SU)非常令人担忧，部分原因是SU的早期模式通常预示着后来的负面后果。一条通向SU的途径涉及从童年行为问题到与偏离常人的同伴的关系的进展，这是青少年SU启动和升级的关键近端决定因素。此外，个体与其所处的社会环境之间的相互影响被认为是影响向SU发展的因素。有限的研究考虑了内在化行为问题的作用，以及它们与外在化问题在这一途径中的共存。这是一个值得注意的遗漏，因为外部化和内部化问题经常同时发生。单纯的和共生的行为问题可能会通过不同的机制影响SU，如果是这样的话，则需要相应地定制预防性干预措施。此外，青春期的大脑发育被认为会导致食欲动机的短暂变化，这可能会增加对危险环境的脆弱性。显然有必要进行研究，将动机的发展变化和社会背景的影响结合起来，以更好地理解青少年SU的脆弱性和对其的保护。这项研究将为制定针对高危青年的全面预防干预措施提供信息。这项拟议的研究将考察气质动机方面的变化如何与儿童行为问题和同伴环境相互作用，从而影响SU。410名11-12岁儿童的社区样本将在一项3波纵向研究中进行评估，这将提供一个机会来检验这些结构的变化如何有助于SU的启动和早期升级。将使用实验室任务、生理指标和照顾者报告来评估基于接近、抑制和自我调节的气质特征。将使用儿童和同伴报告来评估同伴的影响。我们将考察：1)问题行为与支持SU的同伴之间的相互关系；2)支持SU的同伴、问题行为和SU之间的相互中介路径；3)动机档案和档案转换是否调节了所提出的中介路径。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescent substance use (SU) is of great concern in part because early patterns of SU often presage later negative outcomes. One pathway to SU involves a progression from childhood behavior problems to affiliations with deviant peers, which are key proximal determinants of initiation and escalation of adolescent SU. Moreover, reciprocal influences between individuals and their social environment are posited to affect the progression to SU. Limited research has considered the role of internalizing behavior problems and their co-occurrence with externalizing problems in this pathway. This is a notable omission because externalizing and internalizing problems often co-occur. Pure and co-occurring behavior problems may influence SU through different mechanisms, and if so, then preventive interventions need to be tailored accordingly. In addition, brain development during adolescence is thought to result in transient changes in appetitive motivation, which may increase vulnerability to risky contexts. There is a clear need for research that integrates developmental changes in motivation and social contextual influences to better understand vulnerability to and protection from initiation and escalation of adolescent SU. Such research will inform the development of comprehensive preventive interventions for at-risk youth. The proposed research will examine how shifts in motivational aspects of temperament interact with childhood behavior problems and peer context to influence SU. A community sample of 410 11-12 year old children will be assessed in a 3- wave longitudinal study, providing an opportunity to examine how changes in these constructs contribute to the initiation and early escalation of SU. Temperament profiles based on approach, inhibition, and self- regulation will be assessed using laboratory tasks, physiological indicators, and caregiver reports. Peer influences will be assessed using child and peer reports. We will examine: 1) the reciprocal relation between problem behavior and affiliation with peers who support SU; 2) reciprocal mediational pathways among affiliation with peers who support SU, problem behavior, and SU; and 3) whether motivational profiles and profile transitions moderate the proposed mediational paths.