Motivation in Context: Risk for escalation of substance use

描述(由申请人提供)：物质使用(SU)的风险，包括酒精和其他药物使用，在青春期过程中累积，在青春期后期达到风险高峰。要了解青春期晚期SU和相关问题的出现，需要对青春期早期的风险背景进行描述。SU的信息处理是SU的近端原因，它调节了更广泛的更远端的风险和保护因素。当前成瘾的认知模型区分受控(缓慢思考 以及对SU信息的自动(快速和冲动)处理和评估，并假设这些过程共同影响SU。此外，信息处理在以下方面的作用 SU受到一般自我调节能力(即执行职能)的制约，这会带来额外的风险。文献支持青少年和成人的这些模型，但很少有这项研究从发展的角度来看。因此，自动和受控的SU信息处理是如何发展的，以及这些过程是否随着年龄和使用阶段的不同而不同，人们还知之甚少。这是文献中的一个严重空白，因为经过充分验证的发育知情病因学模型对于推进有效的预防干预至关重要。社会环境(如同龄人、父母)和个性是SU的重要决定因素，部分原因是它们在塑造SU信息处理过程中所起的作用。从青春期早期到青春期晚期，社会背景发生了巨大的变化，但很少有人考虑这些变化会如何影响青春期和使用阶段SU信息加工的发展。事实上，还没有长期的纵向研究跟踪青年从苏的发起、升级和问题的出现来解决这些问题。此外，对SU的神经适应改变了SU的动机意义，并可能影响SU和SU信息加工之间的相互联系，但还没有研究检验这种青春期的双向。拟议的项目弥补了这些差距。这是一项在10-13岁时首次评估的社区样本中关于酒精和药物使用的研究的继续。拟议的项目将跟踪样本到青春期晚期(平均年龄为18、19和20岁)，进行另外3项多方法评估，其中将包括实验室任务和问卷。我们纵向设计的一个关键特征是能够对多种病因影响和途径(中介、缓和、相互关联)进行建模，并直接比较每种途径如何跨越年龄和使用阶段(初始、大量使用、问题使用)。该项目将考察：1)自动和受控SU信息加工的角色变化；2)这些过程是否中介了社会背景(父母SU特有的社会化、同伴规范)和个性(强化敏感性)对SU的影响；3)SU信息加工和SU之间的相互联系。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Risk for substance use (SU) including alcohol and other drug use, builds cumulatively over the course of adolescence culminating at a point of peak risk in late adolescence. Understanding the emergence of SU and related problems in late adolescence requires a characterization of the early adolescent risk context. SU information processing is a proximal cause of SU that mediates a broad range of more distal risk and protective factors. Current cognitive models of addiction distinguish controlled (slow deliberative and reflective) and automatic (fast and impulsive) processing and appraisal of SU information and posit that these processes jointly influence SU. Further, the role of information processing in SU is moderated by general capacity for self- regulation (i.e., executive functioning), which confers added risk. The literature supports these models for both adolescents and adults, yet very little of this research has taken a developmental perspective. Consequently, how automatic and controlled SU information processing develops, and whether these processes operate differently with age and stage of use is poorly understood. This is a critical gap in the literatur, as well- validated developmentally informed etiological models are crucial for the advancement of effective preventive interventions. Social context (e.g. peers, parents) and personality are strong determinants of SU, in part because of the role they play in shaping SU information processing. Social context changes dramatically from early to late adolescence, yet there has been little consideration of how these shifts may affect the development of SU information processing across stages of adolescence and stages of use. Indeed, no long- term longitudinal studies have followed youth from SU initiation, escalation, and emergence of problems to address these issues. Furthermore, neuroadaptations to SU change the motivational significance of SU, and likely impact reciprocal associations between SU and SU information processing, yet no research has examined such bidirectionality across adolescence. The proposed project addresses these gaps. This is a continuation of a study of alcohol and drug use in a community sample first assessed at ages 10-13 years. The proposed project will follow the sample into late adolescence (mean ages 18, 19, and 20 years) for 3 additional multi-method assessments that will include laboratory tasks and questionnaires. A critical feature of our longitudinal design is the ability to model multiple etiological influences, and pathways (mediation, moderation, reciprocal associations) and to compare directly how each may shift across age and stage of use (initiation, heavy use, problem use). The project will examine: 1) The changing role of automatic and controlled SU information processing; 2) Whether these processes mediate the influence of social context (parental SU- specific socialization, peer norms) and personality (reinforcement sensitivity) on SU; 3) Reciprocal associations between SU information processing and SU.